Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material,Sulfamonomethoxine Sodium). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet(13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale).

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Alternatively,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Good Quality Lift Door Slider-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair–Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter). Aldenet al. (Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven) describe the temperature-with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. Initially,Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.

Near-infrared (NIR)Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch). Morriset al. (1.6kw 220V Industrial Evaporative Inverter Air Cooler with Exhaust Function) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder) and Räsänenet al. (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. In addition,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part(Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Wall Decoration 3D Wave MDF Board) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring-Photoelectric Sensor  Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cheap Construction Building Materials  Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureNatural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Widthshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFetal monitor sensorsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Aluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063showing the collected fines from this trial.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material,CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum,25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Large Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lid, Ice Tin Box.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bRubber Dic Return Roller,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete). Figure4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePosture Corrector Clavicle Supportshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)(Fig.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Kl Feed Pellet Mill. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic). FigureDJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.

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DISCUSSION

Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A-infrared spectrometry (Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003). In addition,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.

As shown in Fig.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato(coilcraft wideband choke,Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow, regardless of the sensor position.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (1530 Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Plate Industrial).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0.

40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.

Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.

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Acknowledgments

References