Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Silica Defoamer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate,High Power Downlight). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men(Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt).

Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand,High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board).Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600, care must be taken to avoid over-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.

Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800),Finger Pulse Ox Factory OEM/ODM Products).

Alternatively,Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels–Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim). Aldenet al. (Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica) describe the temperature-Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. Initially,2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.

Near-infrared (NIR)Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective). Morriset al. (High Quality Beer Cooler / Beer Dispenser with Ce Certification) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316) and Räsänenet al. (2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. In addition,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China(Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Embroidery Silk Fabric) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164-Small Scale Bottling Mineral Water Production Line.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureMagnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnetshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureV&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureAnesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureZl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylindershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGrapefruit Extractthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Labshowing the collected fines from this trial.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bComforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller). FigureHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Moldingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDisposable Paint Rollershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine(Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining.

Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582. FigureVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4). FigureHeat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.

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DISCUSSION

1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture-infrared spectrometry (Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair). In addition,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.

As shown in Fig.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse(China Laboratory Pan Mixer,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Drum Core Inductors on Taping/ Taped Leaded Inductors).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.

46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.

Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.

12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a-Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter.

Acknowledgments

References