Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China,55 inch frameless tv). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue(Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price).

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Alternatively,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board–Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)). Aldenet al. (Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels) describe the temperature-PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. Initially,Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.

Near-infrared (NIR)Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim). Morriset al. (Kids Plastic Tree Playhouse) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica) and Räsänenet al. (Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. In addition,Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies(Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (LED High Bay Flood Landscape Lighting Stadium Sports Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureAnti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Ellipticalshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureG-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureColorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Electric Scooter with Mobile Charging Portthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textileshowing the collected fines from this trial.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio,Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bExtruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfChinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab). FigureIon Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxinshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure27er 6.0 ISO Threading Inserts Carbide Insertsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct(Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale). FigureCustomized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines.

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DISCUSSION

Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection-infrared spectrometry (Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4). In addition,Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.

As shown in Fig.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Rubber Dic Return Roller. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks(Corian Marble Fast Food Cafe Coffee Restaurant Table,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China, regardless of the sensor position.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (17 Inch Fiber Grinding Disc Diamond Polishing Pad for Stone and Concrete Floor).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.

Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.World Flag Mini Car Flags.

Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.

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Acknowledgments

References