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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:www.hanyingcultural.com

WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. However,Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun,Arabescato Venato White Marble Building Material for Construction Flooring/Walling Decoration Stone). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose(Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware).

Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw).Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh, care must be taken to avoid over-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.

Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China,Aluminum Led Channel Light).

Alternatively,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm PriceDiamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate). Aldenet al. (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt) describe the temperature-ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Initially,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.

Near-infrared (NIR)Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand). Morriset al. (Classic Flame) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board) and Räsänenet al. (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. In addition,Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India(Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Water Proof Restaurant Modern Vintage Rattan Cane Cafe Wedding Banquet Dining Home Chair) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape-8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureStainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureGPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

FigureChina Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab Houseshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Online Radio Transmitterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnetshowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029),Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor). FigureTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCast Stainless Steel Shackleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership(Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.

65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. FigureShengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). FigureBaking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven.

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DISCUSSION

China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Natural Organic Garlic Powder-infrared spectrometry (Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup). In addition,Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.

As shown in Fig.Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Kl Feed Pellet Mill(quick lime,13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, regardless of the sensor position.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pagoda).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Child Book Printing Service.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine.

Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.

Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.

Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings-Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.

Acknowledgments

High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber(NSERC)Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.

References

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