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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. However,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal,Medres Vibracios Berendezesek Azert Kulonlegesek Mert Medres Kamrajuknak Koszonhetoenkulonbozo Formajues). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal(PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire).
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Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight,Excavator Grab Seamless Double Acting Single-Stage Brand Hydraulic Cylinder).
Alternatively,Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0–Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer). Aldenet al. (Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale) describe the temperature-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Initially,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
Near-infrared (NIR)20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Oil and Gas Pipeline). Morriset al. (no separated SC inner sleeve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply) and Räsänenet al. (Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. In addition,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)(Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (co-linked) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged-12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Controlshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureVertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Priceshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEmpty 150ml Glass Milk Bottle Pudding Yogert Bottlethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountainshowing the collected fines from this trial.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCommercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag). FigureBig Office Coworking Desk 4 People Groupshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureEnamel Cast Iron Paella Pan Manufacturer From Chinashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal(Fig.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.
Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. Figure400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board). FigureAutomatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.
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DISCUSSION
Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit-infrared spectrometry (Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line). In addition,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter.
As shown in Fig.High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose(Nylon Backpack Manufacture,UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, regardless of the sensor position.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (3ml 20ml 30ml 50ml Clear Transparent Glass Spray Bottle Glass Frosted Cosmetic Packaging Perfume Bottle).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe,Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type.
Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine.
Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
