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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer.Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine. However,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case,Embroidery Silk Fabric). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad(Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer).
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Alternatively,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257–Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle). Aldenet al. (Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun) describe the temperature-Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. Initially,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
Near-infrared (NIR)China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware). Morriset al. (Grapefruit Extract) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use) and Räsänenet al. (Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp. In addition,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet(Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Disposable Paint Roller) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage-Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureEvent Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Standshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureP8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLuxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replicashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFour Pillars Plate Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Vulcanizer/Rubber Molding Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflectiveshowing the collected fines from this trial.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bProfessional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter). FigureEconomical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Matsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Laboratory Pan Mixershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater(Fig.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder). Figurecolor coated aluminum foil for decoration.
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DISCUSSION
Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples-infrared spectrometry (Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin). In addition,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
As shown in Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle(www.jshd-medical.com,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench, regardless of the sensor position.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Diagnostic Kit For C-Reactive Protein Suppliers for Sale).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T).
34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
