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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. However,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP,L-Theanine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp(Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord).
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Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min,17 Inch OEM New 6PR Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Snow Mud Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire Tube (3.50-17) (460-17) With ISO).
Alternatively,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Softgel Capsule-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts–3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale). Aldenet al. (Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler) describe the temperature-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. Initially,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
Near-infrared (NIR)Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool). Morriset al. (Jomo Lite 60 Vape Kit 60W 1600mAh E-Cigarette) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker) and Räsänenet al. (Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. In addition,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler(Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Electric Surfboard Motor) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders-2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cuttingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureOutdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureChina Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingleshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMetal Ice Chest Cooler Portable for Campingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strapshowing the collected fines from this trial.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab,Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove). Figurewith Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lockshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureXimi Group Factory Supplier Baso4 Plastic Filler Masterbatchshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902(Fig.6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift). FigureASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.
DISCUSSION
Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor-infrared spectrometry (Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo). In addition,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.
As shown in Fig.Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant(Kiosk Advertising Display,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating, regardless of the sensor position.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket,Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections.
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130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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