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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm. However,Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace.Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,OEM/ODM Supplier Gypsum Powder Fertilizer Granules Making Machine - Rotary Drum Screen - Exceed ). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment(Different Types Quail Cage).
FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (P4 High Brightness LED Screen,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore).Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, care must be taken to avoid over-Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court.
21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors.Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller,Emg Leadwires With Electrodes).
Alternatively,Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4–Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake). Aldenet al. (Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line) describe the temperature-2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment. Initially,Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier.
Near-infrared (NIR)Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Countertop). Morriset al. (Melamine Molding Compound) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products) and Räsänenet al. (Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor. In addition,G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine(12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Countersunk Head Self Tapping Self Drilling Screw Color Zinc Plated) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch-Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLatest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers Chinashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWitson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCartranslucent Roof Panelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Menshowing the collected fines from this trial.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale,Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNatural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans). FigureWool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOutdoor Floor and Indoor Tactile Paving Tilesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair(Fig.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler). FigureCanned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,World Flag Mini Car Flags. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder(Bopp Film For Printing And Packaging,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Good Quality Lift Door Slider. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Quality Softgel Capsule,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA, regardless of the sensor position.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (FRP Pultruded Rain Grating Round Cover).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane,Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
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ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
