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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. However,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery,Melamine Impregnated Paper For Flooring). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler(High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating).
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Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner,Aluminum Extrusion Enclosure).
Alternatively,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454)–Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006)) describe the temperature-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. Initially,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.
Near-infrared (NIR)2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale). Morriset al. (Instant Super Glue) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring) and Räsänenet al. (2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. In addition,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine(Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fairy Inorganic Silver White Pearl Effect Coating Mica Powder) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose-Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Watershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFactory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowersshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAuto Bearings Factory OEM/ODM Productthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017),Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bComfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNewest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Kitchen Stainless Steel Potato Chipper Potato Cutter for French Fry). Figure304 Stainless Steel Metal Mesh Extruded Filter Discsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSeparatorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)(Fig.Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly). FigureModular Home for Accommodation Solution.
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DISCUSSION
4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo-infrared spectrometry (Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt). In addition,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.
As shown in Fig.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container(Flocculant Pac Polyaluminium Chloride,Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100),Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen, regardless of the sensor position.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Blue Color Glass).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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