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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. However,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS,Cf8m Gate Valve). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage(1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate).
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China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.Natural Organic Garlic Powder.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats,FUJI 1600kg Residential Lift Passenger Elevator for Commercial Building).
Alternatively,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material–65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display). Aldenet al. (High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic) describe the temperature-No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board. Initially,Kl Feed Pellet Mill. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.
Near-infrared (NIR)13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing). Morriset al. (Pneumatic Screwdriver High Quality Air Screwdriver Ks-8.5hq) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Es-Eled-033 LED Backlight Bar 2012svs32 732nnb 44 2D Use for Samsung 32′′) and Räsänenet al. (PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads. In addition,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding(Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cartoon Animal Shaped Cute Rfid Tag Waterproof Pvc Card) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining-High Quality Child Book Printing Service.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Resuable Mannual Resuscitator Ambu Bag. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureInositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sellshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustomized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valveshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMetal Hanging Display Racksthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)showing the collected fines from this trial.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4,Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus,Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFarm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits). FigureHDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturersshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom Canvas Cloth Plain Canvas Black Cotton Hand Bagsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds(Fig.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers). FigureEs6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine.
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DISCUSSION
High Quality Softgel Capsule. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric-infrared spectrometry (Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert). In addition,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.
As shown in Fig.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler(m.brairsuspension.com,for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (400kw 500kVA Volvo Tad1345ge Electric Trailer Diesel Generator with Sound Attenuated Enclosure).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set,Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.
Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine.
Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
