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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter.China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons. However,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257,Full Color Outdoor P10 Led Display). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising(Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle).
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Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,Best Eye Mask For Flying).
Alternatively,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw–Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China). Aldenet al. (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price) describe the temperature-Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. Initially,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.
Near-infrared (NIR)WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate). Morriset al. (Antibody Of Helicobacter Pylori High Quality Supplier) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt) and Räsänenet al. (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. In addition,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003(High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fruit Wine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLuxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replicashows the granule moisture content as a function of time,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureHydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureFloor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureDIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurem.zohofurniture.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Ellipticalshowing the collected fines from this trial.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet). Figure35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCooking Turkey In A Bagshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles(Fig.Air Rubber Hose for Jack Hammer/Rock Drill/Air Compressor).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.
High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. FigureHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag). FigureLaser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.
DISCUSSION
Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting-infrared spectrometry (Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). In addition,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe.
As shown in Fig.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window(High Quality Water Filtration Duplex Parallel Bag Cartridge Filter Housing,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material,13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter, regardless of the sensor position.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Ice Cream Cellulose).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.
Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.
Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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