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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). However,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot,1/8 Stainless Steel Thimbles). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep(Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications).
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Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer,China Cheap Prefabricated Prefab Mobile Tiny Modular Kitset Manufactured Floating Shipping Container Cabin/Office/House/Toilet Homes).
Alternatively,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH–Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess). Aldenet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction) describe the temperature-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. Initially,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe). Morriset al. (Square Circular Aquaculture Fish Farming Cage Net) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock) and Räsänenet al. (Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. In addition,Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch(62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Estradiol Diagnostic Strips High Quality Supplier) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
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Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbagshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureModular Home for Accommodation Solution. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSlp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Routershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSteel Wire Cold Galvanizing Production Line Manufacturerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. Anchor Clampshowing the collected fines from this trial.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLuxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph). Figure12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harnessshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina 3 Deck Vibrating Screenshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price(Fig.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe). Figure100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
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DISCUSSION
Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table-infrared spectrometry (Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale). In addition,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013.
As shown in Fig.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2(Leather Belt Material,Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room,Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal, regardless of the sensor position.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Kids Play Area).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.
Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.
Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
