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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:Black Hex Nut

Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15

Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel. However,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers,Bs1139 Tube Scaffolding). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm(HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr).

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Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass,www.bmspd.com).

Alternatively,Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Industrial Used ISO Tank ContainerPolyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric). Aldenet al. (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector) describe the temperature-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. Initially,Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can.

Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine). Morriset al. (Forming Spring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer) and Räsänenet al. (Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. In addition,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly(Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Jumbo Roll Adhesive Tape) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope-New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureChina Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureProfessional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Customized Precision CNC Milling 5 Axis CNC Machining Parts, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEuropean Quality Commercial Good Price Meat Grinderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Gratingshowing the collected fines from this trial.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTwo Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass). FigureNew Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureElectric Mini Travel Freezershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank(Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.

Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. FigureUnique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit). FigureHot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.

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High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)

DISCUSSION

Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman-infrared spectrometry (OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric). In addition,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.

As shown in Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)(High Strength Black Oxide Hex Socket Cap Screw Din912,30kw Wind Turbine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof, regardless of the sensor position.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (fupitc.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.

Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.

Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.

NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank-Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).

Acknowledgments

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References

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