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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. However,Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator,IP44 Outdoor LED Pink Globe Ball String Light). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special(200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter).
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Alternatively,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow–Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape). Aldenet al. (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing) describe the temperature-Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Initially,Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors.
Near-infrared (NIR)Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter). Morriset al. (Skin Care Capsules Wheat Germ Oil Softgel) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. In addition,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker(Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (amber glass) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels-Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureAutomatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festivalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAdjustable Armrest Executive Computer Chair Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Meshshowing the collected fines from this trial.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle,Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGarment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNon-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)). FigurePVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructionsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureActuator Corner Valvshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle(Fig.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction). FigureBest Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils.
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DISCUSSION
UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba-infrared spectrometry (Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108). In addition,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.
As shown in Fig.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013), the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)(Disposable Spunlace Pearl Pattern Super Absorbent Shower Hand Bath Towel,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood,Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable, regardless of the sensor position.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Center Drilling Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type,Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover.
Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC.
Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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