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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim. However,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine,Commercial Big Hot Water Pressurized Solar Collector / Solar Power Collector). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price(Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment).
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Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price,Hand/Plier Type Cold Welding Machine for Copper Wires).
Alternatively,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine–Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)). Aldenet al. (Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled) describe the temperature-Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. Initially,Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls.
Near-infrared (NIR)New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler). Morriset al. (Wdw-50e (50kN) Computer Control Geotechnical Cloth Electronic Universal Tensile Testing/Test Instrument/Equipment/Tester/Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine) and Räsänenet al. (Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. In addition,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe(Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Semi Automatic Egg Tray Making Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair-130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industryshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWILLSEMIthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubesshowing the collected fines from this trial.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPlastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer). FigureTire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflatorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePolypropylene Vegetable and Fruit Small Mesh Drawstring Bagsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis(Fig.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100). Figure70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply.
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DISCUSSION
Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof-infrared spectrometry (WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera). In addition,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%.
As shown in Fig.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box(for Sale Mumbai Coimbatore Paper Slitting Machine Manufacturer in Ahmedabad,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, regardless of the sensor position.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Carbon Steel Pipe Standard Length).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder,L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.
P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts.
High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
