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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder,Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder,Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. However,Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale,Pink Biscuit Tin Box Df1098). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard(OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core).
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Alternatively,201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership–Diesel Mini Tiller). Aldenet al. (LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)) describe the temperature-Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light. Initially,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.
Near-infrared (NIR)Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair). Morriset al. (Cheapest Most Popular Plastic Maze Game) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl) and Räsänenet al. (Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. In addition,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights(Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Brass Compression Fitting For Pe Pipe Manufacturers Cheap Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5)-Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFood Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureUL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePlastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyelinershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWall Box Socket Type 2 32A 7.4kw Single Phase EV Charging Infrastructure EV Charger for Smart Chargethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Netshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Precision Stick Film Patching Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision). FigureChina Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabricshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFashionable Outdoor Sport Kayak Lifejacket for Lifesaving and Safetyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness(Fig.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution). FigureTray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter.
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DISCUSSION
Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock-infrared spectrometry ( Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box). In addition,Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant.
As shown in Fig.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber(Construction Material,CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve,Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, regardless of the sensor position.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fan Coil Filters).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Arm Badge Emblems).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie,Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic.
Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.
Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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