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Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146).Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. However,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment,A0 / A1 / A2 / A3 Dx8 Print Head LED Flatbed UV Printer with Factory Price). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid(Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine).

Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe,China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil).Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly, care must be taken to avoid over-Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.

20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10,UK Plug USB Charger QC 2.0 Mobile Phone/Camera Wall Charger).

Alternatively,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV LampWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light). Aldenet al. (100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List) describe the temperature-Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. Initially,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)). Morriset al. (Christmas Lampwork Beads) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table) and Räsänenet al. (ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). In addition,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts(Automated Fue Extraction Devices).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Professional Poultry Farm Equipment Layer Chicken Battery Cage for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating-Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureFfp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Maskshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureGood Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureChildren Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

As shown in Fig.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Standshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBlister Vacuum Forming Car Logo Signthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywoodshowing the collected fines from this trial.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant,20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMetal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSte200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure)

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch). FigureLiya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boatshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2017 New Arrive Acrylic Novelty Wine Rackshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged(Fig.World Flag Mini Car Flags).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.

China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts. FigureLow Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge). FigurePCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.

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DISCUSSION

Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric-infrared spectrometry (Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights). In addition,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.

As shown in Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System(Hydraulic Cylinders Suppliers,for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rubber Dic Return Roller).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (PVC Tarpaulin Fabric Manufacturer for Tents).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal,Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.

China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line.

Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter.

Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)-160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card.

Acknowledgments

Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump(NSERC)(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.

References

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