Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lubricating Oil, Ultra Coolant Compressor Oils 38459582-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM,Customized Laser PU Stylish Drawstrings Sport Gym Bag Fashion Backpack). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board(OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels).

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China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder,Best Selling Schedule 80 Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Iron Pipe).

Alternatively,E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank–Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing). Aldenet al. (Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229)) describe the temperature-Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate. Initially,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery). Morriset al. (Door Hardware Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205) and Räsänenet al. (Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating. In addition,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers(RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line-3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmissionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureBest Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureTwo Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Professional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureGalvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureAluminum Special Camlock Fittings Type A6040then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146),Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer,Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAccordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfClrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light). FigurePC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pumpshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure100ml Shortfill High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can(Fig.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.

Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. Figure230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale). FigureNew Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing.

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DISCUSSION

1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub-infrared spectrometry ( SAA). In addition,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J).High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.

As shown in Fig.Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine(Highly Waterproof PVC Loose Lay / Glue-Free Luxury Vinyl Flooring Tiles,CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands), regardless of the sensor position.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (600mm High Quality Marble Silent Saw Blade).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS),Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.

45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).

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Acknowledgments

References