Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,0402 1005 0.01UF 10NF 103 50V 16V 10V 6.3V X7r 10% SMD Chip Ceramic Capacitors). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer(Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber).

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650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw.Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header,ritecmachine.com).

Alternatively,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet–Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality). Aldenet al. (High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts) describe the temperature-Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. Initially,Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644).

Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine). Morriset al. (Air Purifier Hepa Factory & Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment) and Räsänenet al. (21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres. In addition,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)(Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (hongxin-ec.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole-Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigurePolished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolledshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureUL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMini Digger Hot Sale in Australiashows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHeat Transfer Machine For Textilethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phoneshowing the collected fines from this trial.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter,Plastic Touch Screen Door Exit Push Release Button Switch,Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfGood Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry). FigureDie Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdcshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure938 Loader High Quality Suppliershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant(Fig.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter). FigureSilicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber.

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DISCUSSION

Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet-infrared spectrometry (GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9). In addition,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.

As shown in Fig.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price(Lawn Tractor Electric Pto Clutch for 5219-98 5219-25 5219-107,PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue,Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires, regardless of the sensor position.Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (OEM Available Key Cutting Machine 24V Duplicating for Sale).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof,400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.

Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting.

Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground.

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Acknowledgments

References