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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. However,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal,Eva Carrying Case). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest](Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality).
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Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Alu Pet PE Laminated Film Packaging Film).
Alternatively,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard–Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine). Aldenet al. (OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve) describe the temperature-Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. Initially,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644)). Morriset al. (Watches Digital Watch Wrist Gift Men Quality Watches Custome Wholesale Sports Watch Swiss Watch Plastic Watch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office) and Räsänenet al. (UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale. In addition,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China(Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine Qr Code Laser Engraving Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Carbon Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Mounting Pad) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale-Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Moduleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGuangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFocusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tonsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEnergy-Saving Self-Priming Electric Automatic Vortex Water Pumpthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connectionshowing the collected fines from this trial.72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72),Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm). FigureNewest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Childrenshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCreative Bamboo Fiber Plateshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine(Fig. Leatherst600).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Frog Lamp Light Emitting Diode Warning Taillight Lamp Floodlight. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB). FigureP4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage.
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DISCUSSION
Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting-infrared spectrometry (OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap). In addition,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).
As shown in Fig.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm(Erikc 0445110669 and 0445110670 New CRI Injection 0 445 110 670 Fuel Diesel Common Rail Injector Assy 0 445 110 669 Piezo Injector,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs, regardless of the sensor position.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.nbtopvision.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.
Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-color coated aluminum foil for decoration.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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