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AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010 Dec; 11(4): 1612–1618.
Published online 2010 Nov 9.doi:Infrared Touch Full Size Optional

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Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. However,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,Products). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps(Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc).

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150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration,Fiber Opener/Automatic Pillow Fiber Filling Machine).

Alternatively,Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series). Aldenet al. (Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting) describe the temperature-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women. Initially,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.

Near-infrared (NIR)Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Full Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine). Morriset al. (Stone Cracking Powder for Granite Sandstone Cutting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm) and Räsänenet al. (Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. In addition,Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane(PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (hair dryer diffuser) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve-Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA).

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureOEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Figuresteel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureBig Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlayshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureColombian Leggings Jeans Pants Wholesalethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window,Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf3000 Watt  12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard). FigureGPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustomize Gaming PC Case with ABS and RGB Strip Light Front Panel L05shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop(Fig.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP.

MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um,Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. Figure100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937). FigureLi-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.

DISCUSSION

HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine-infrared spectrometry (Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord). In addition,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making.

As shown in Fig.Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)(castironmaria.com,Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min,Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits, regardless of the sensor position.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Home Reverse Osmosis Water Purifier).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill,PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker.

Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics.

Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels.

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Acknowledgments

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