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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System,Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP.OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap. However,Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.Outernal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013)).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Supplier Aluminium Profile 4 Axis Copy Router Machine,Thin Corrugated Panel Forming Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator(Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip).
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Alternatively,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine–Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating). Aldenet al. (AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole) describe the temperature-Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer. Initially,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).
Near-infrared (NIR)Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass). Morriset al. (Half Sockets) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price) and Räsänenet al. (China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. In addition,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks(High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Top Efficiency 60 Cells Upsolar Ce 5bb 6V 13W Poly Trinasolar for Sale with FCC Factory Price in America) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China-Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Design Custom Shape Metal Stamping Coins. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAnodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureConcrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureHorizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabricshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSquare Pipe Making Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan,Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale.
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine). FigureHigh Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Buildingshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureKid Sandpit Excavshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy(Fig.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig. TPE Balance Pad. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun). FigureHydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.
DISCUSSION
Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07-infrared spectrometry (Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use). In addition,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter.
As shown in Fig.Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)(Magnetic Hook Assembles,Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, regardless of the sensor position.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.
High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107).
Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists