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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. However,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202),m.outdoorgamefactory.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best(High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter).
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Alternatively,Ce Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rack. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine–Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel). Aldenet al. (Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House) describe the temperature-Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad. Initially,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.
Near-infrared (NIR)Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer). Morriset al. (OEM/ODM Custom CNC Machining Turning 4140 Steel Motorcycle Parts) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid) and Räsänenet al. (Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. In addition,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)(Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2bmf Series Seeder) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Commercial Equipment Abdominal Crunch Machine 7019 Gym Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)-High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDuctile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbowshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFlange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureElectricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSynthetic Pet Broom Monofilament/Fiber Manufacturing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plateshowing the collected fines from this trial.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWarehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTop Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating). Figure Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurehdfmillsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men(Fig.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Water Resistant Quartz a Set Bracelet Alloy Watch (cm19006). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds). FigureWedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
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DISCUSSION
Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck-infrared spectrometry (46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel). In addition,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.
As shown in Fig. Mining and Mineral Ball Mill Grinding Media, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)(Surgical Plain Catgut Suture USP 4/0#,Dn25 1NPT DC6V12V24V 3wires Input Control 2ways Electric Actuator Automatic Operated Plastic 2-Way Motorised Valve for Water). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041), regardless of the sensor position.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2017 Best High Quality Canned Sardine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.
Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.
Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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