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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer,PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. However,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan,Manufacturer′s Direct-Selling Notebook Elastic Band Notebook Student Notebook). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer(Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes).
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Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip,Elbow Forming Machine，Elbow Hot Pushing Forming Machine，Elbow Forming Machine With Ball，Spiral Elbow Forming Machine，Elbow Tube Forming Machine，Pipe Elbow Forming Machines，Cold Forming Elbow Machine).
Alternatively,Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards–Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting). Aldenet al. (Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons) describe the temperature-2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Initially,Auto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sanitary, Stainless Steel, Clamp End, SUS304, Tee Type, Manual, Ball Valve. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concrete.
Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection). Morriset al. (Medical Products Aluminum Portable Walking Sticks for Elderly) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs) and Räsänenet al. (Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). In addition,Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China(Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Leatherst600) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Eva Carrying Case) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH-Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Silica Defoamer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000meshshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureLarge Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTitanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureTwo Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCBshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWatches Digital Watch Wrist Gift Men Quality Watches Custome Wholesale Sports Watch Swiss Watch Plastic Watchthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singletshowing the collected fines from this trial.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry,Embossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%35kV High Density Polyethylene HDPE Pin Type Insulator.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty). FigureCustom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCarbon Steel Flanged Ball Valve with Mounting Padshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h(Fig.1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator). FigureOE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts(Creative Bamboo Fiber Plate,Fire Protective Gloves). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game,Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating, regardless of the sensor position.Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Accordion Dust CNC Machine Bellow Covers,Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds.
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Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Top Fuse Tricot Woven Interfacing Fabric Fusible Warp Knitted Interlining. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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