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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. However,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland,Dice Game With Game Board Factory & Manufacturer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade(16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck).
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Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel.Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146), as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine,Antique Marble Fireplace Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
Alternatively,Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage–Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS). Aldenet al. (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons) describe the temperature-Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. Initially,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly.
Near-infrared (NIR)Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale). Morriset al. (2mm Precision 6061 T6 Aluminium Round Tube Without Burr) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)) and Räsänenet al. (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. In addition,20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal(Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Custom Merry Christmas Greeting Cards) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAutomatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Productsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBest Quality Barrier Moisture Stucco Embossed Flat Aluminum Coil for Jacketingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhoushowing the collected fines from this trial.High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSelf Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line). Figure100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Rollshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAluminium Alloy Mosquito Net for Window or Doorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad(Fig.7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier). FigureGood Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
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DISCUSSION
Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size-infrared spectrometry (Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine). In addition,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.
As shown in Fig.Hexagon Socket ISO7380-2 Button Head Screws with Collar, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof(Endless Round Sling Durable for Choke-Lifting Cylindrical Objects 2000kg 3m,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire, regardless of the sensor position.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Epoxy Coated Wire Mesh Window Screen).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective.
Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System.
Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
