Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear,Flat Square Round Bottle Sticker One Three Four Sides Labeling Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel(Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose).

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Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair,Non Metal Cotton Cloth Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Cutting Machine for Sale).

Alternatively,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits–SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar). Aldenet al. (4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment) describe the temperature-EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. Initially,Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire.

Near-infrared (NIR)XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line). Morriset al. (Yohimbine Hydrochloride/Yohimbine HCl CAS 65-19-0) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red) and Räsänenet al. (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge. In addition,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker(Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (UV Protection Steel Beach Umbrella with Tilt Made by Nylon) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain-Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureElectrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHarware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBuilding Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheetshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBrass And Copper Diving Helmetthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Windowshowing the collected fines from this trial.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile,Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBlasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)). FigureMf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOEM Customized Stainless Steel Metal Paper Clip Spring Clipshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding(Fig.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale). FigureFfp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.

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DISCUSSION

Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves-infrared spectrometry (Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing). In addition,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.

As shown in Fig.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts(Carbon Sheet Metal Laser Cutter,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch,SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-off Grid Solar Power System 3kw, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( RoHS).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2.54mm Pitch 180smt Pin Header Connector).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.

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3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.

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Acknowledgments

References