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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.color coated aluminum foil for decoration.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. However,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor,Good Price Hair Clipper). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant(PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds).
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T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Round Cosmetic Powder Puff,www.xmmidi.com).
Alternatively,China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100–PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Construction Hand Tools) describe the temperature-00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Initially,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car). Morriset al. (Filter Regulator) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P). In addition,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag(Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Braided Leather Wrap Bracelet Factory OEM/ODM Products) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHome Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lockshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFood Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChuke Mini Handheld Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metalshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurechinakingbo.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hatshowing the collected fines from this trial.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Home Elevator for 2-4 Person.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPopular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAgriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds). FigureBlack/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Teeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCustom SPCC Secc Stainless Steel Aluminum Sheet Metal Stamping Partsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine(Fig.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator.
2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine,2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe. Figure 200kVA), however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig. Inks). FigureAuto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light(Bicycle Tires,5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price,Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10), regardless of the sensor position.Silica Defoamer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Retinol and Tocopherol Stabilized).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Wholesale Customized Flat Bottom Side Gusset One Way Valve Ziplock Coffee Bag Packaging).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;,Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine.
Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).
Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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