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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal,Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price.HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440).High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling. However,19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction,www.lingkebags.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine(Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage).
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Alternatively,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Coal Mine Tear Resistant Steel Cord Conveyor Belt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1–Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup). Aldenet al. ( Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer) describe the temperature-Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel. Initially,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes.
Near-infrared (NIR)Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process). Morriset al. (Centrifugal Centrifugal Pump) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set) and Räsänenet al. (Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). In addition,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine(Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Vintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.xzbl.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWater Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boilershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustomized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureP10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screenshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMasonry Adhesive Mortar Additive Cellulose Ethers HPMC (MHPC)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scootersshowing the collected fines from this trial.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf,Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLatest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm). FigureCustomized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machineryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure14k Gold Navel Belly Button Ringshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block(Fig.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h). Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.
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DISCUSSION
Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray-infrared spectrometry (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine). In addition,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter.Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
As shown in Fig.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits(Hot Selling Sbs Spray Adhesive for Fabric Sponge Leather Foam Furniture,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002),Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04, regardless of the sensor position.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (4 Pin Xlr Female Cable).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
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2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
