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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72).Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use. However,Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Double Braided Rope,2019 Hot Sale Factory Price Automatic Cosmetic Powder Filling Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter(Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal).
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Alternatively,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345)–API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe). Aldenet al. (High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)) describe the temperature-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. Initially,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.
Near-infrared (NIR)E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking). Morriset al. (Thermit Welding Flux) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material) and Räsänenet al. (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs. In addition,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction(a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tile) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel-Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHigh Quality Soft Ice Cream Makershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,color coated aluminum foil for decoration. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureThree Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playgroundshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIEC Standard FC APC PLC Splitter for Gpon Equipmentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process,High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bVape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat). FigureVape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Batteryshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNew Product OEM Electronics PCBA PCB Assembly SMD LED Manufacturesshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle(Fig.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder). FigureMelee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.
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DISCUSSION
988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station-infrared spectrometry (Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing). In addition,00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light.
As shown in Fig.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P)(China Living Room Furniture,12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205,Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, regardless of the sensor position.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Diagnostic Kits Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival,Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor.
Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.
Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
