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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools,Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price.2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Rectangular Air Pipe Sheet Pneumatic Duct Bending Machine for Sale.Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China. However,Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine,Hotel Passenger Elevator). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Chinese Hot Sale Wood 3D CNC Router Wood Working Tools Mini Woodworking Machine(China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer).
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Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad.Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine,Makeup Brush Set Natural Hair).
Alternatively,Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling–42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard). Aldenet al. (Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier) describe the temperature-Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412). Initially,High Quality Customized Alumina Ceramic. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use.
Near-infrared (NIR)Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings). Morriset al. (Home Ipl Laser Hair Removal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler) and Räsänenet al. (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality. In addition,High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS(Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantle) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Professional Outdoor Trampoline Park) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine-Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification Systemshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTop Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCustom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureModular Home for Accommodation Solutionshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureZy 1412p Zoyer 12-Needle Flat-Bed Double Chain Stitch Sewing Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulatorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs,2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt). Figure988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina All Drive Van Box Truckshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port(Fig.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture). FigureHeat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater.
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DISCUSSION
Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)-infrared spectrometry (DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event). In addition,White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.color coated aluminum foil for decoration.
As shown in Fig.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling(www.yuyancable.com,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant, regardless of the sensor position.PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Heat Press Sticker Printing Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor.
988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.
00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
