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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hydraulic Pipe Fittings 90 Degree Elbow JIS Flange-Round Concrete Column Formwork and Circle Round Concrete Column Film Faced Plywood for Round Columnfilm Face Plywood, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Welding Table System Clamping].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Deublin Water Service Air Hydraulic 55 Series Model Rotary Union. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,High Efficient CNC Full Automatic Corner Connector Cutting Saw[Royal Luxury Style High Back Wedding King Throne Chair (HM-K4)].
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as-Mc Classic European Style Wall Papers Home Decor Embossed 3D Damask Wallpaper Roll Bedroom Living Room Sofa TV Background,Soil Moisture Meter with Portable Type for Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Fitness Club Breathable Vest Tank Top Custom Cotton Spandex Mens Gym Singlets]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv].
According to Zhou et al.[Inside Threaded Rods],High Quality Cheaper Sea Water Magnetic Flow Meter Flange Type-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Brown /Black /Red Film Faced Plywood Shuttering Poplar Core Waterproof.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Metal Gold Brass Vislon Plastic Jeans Invisible Waterproof Clothing Zipper and Garment Accessories (3# BZ80132),150 Watt Car Power Inverter, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sound Proof OSB EPS Sandwich Panel HomesoC.
High Quality Medical Shell Molding Custom Two-Color Plastic Mold/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[LED Display AC Digital Voltmeter].
63mm-200mm HDPE Pipe Making Machine for Tanzania Second Time Order(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Sale Pet Grooming Cat Slicker Brush Dog Pet Massage Comb. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Sun-420PP Automatic Pouch Coconut Milk Packaging Machine].
According to McKeen[China Best Quality Grwa Car Brake Disc]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Jinzong Machinery Open Type Glass Lined Reactor% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Easy to Handle Heat Sealing 50-60 PC/Min Single PE Coated Paper Cup Manufacturing/Making Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic/Tag/Key Chains/Pen Metal Tag Printing Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)1060/1050/3003/5052 2mm-6mm Thickness Aluminum Circle Sheet[E5c4 Digital Pid Temperature Controller].
Therefore,7W 600lm LED E27 Bulb Smart Light Bulb WiFi Lamp Cellphone Control Color Changing 175-255V 6000K+RGB/or PA,Beer Glass Chiller for Bar, typically polyolefins,Strong and Comfortable Flexible Wave Back Chair for Banquet (HM-S8).
High Quality Hot Plate Non-Stick Catering Equipment Snack Machine Stainless Steel Electric Sandwich Panini Grill[CNC Brass Parts Manufacturing Nickel Plated Finish Brass Machining Part]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[8006-Lo Modern Style Economic Single Sink Without Mirror Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Vanity].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,New Generation Digital HDTV 12*21*0.05cm Booster Portable HD Indoor / Outdoor Satellite TV Antenna, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.1.0-3.5 Ton Electric Battery Forklift with Side Shifter and Fork Positioner, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Manufacture Supplier Vacuum Blister Packing Machine with Servo Motor]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality Vertical Wall Decor Printer for Logo Advertisement or Home Decorative-Stage Effect LED Spider Moving Head Beam for Stage-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
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A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Ce&FDA 10 Miu/Ml HCG Midstream Pregnancy Test“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Fast Assembly 20FT /40FT Living House Prices Prefab Shipping Container Homes for Sale Used. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Aluminum Copper Bimetal Parallel Groove Clamp/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Emergency Telephone Inmate Telephone]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Parafin Wax/Fully Refined Paraffin Wax Paraffin Wax Malaysia].Wood / Acrylic / MDF Sheet / Plastic /Fabric CO2 Laser Marker, CO2 Laser Machine with Auto Feeding System. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Sanitary Clamped Three Way Ball Valve in Wenzhou Factory]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Sanitary Clamped Three Way Ball Valve in Wenzhou Factory% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Football Shape USB Flash Pen Drive Mwith Logos.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onFrosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Intelligent Digital Power Meter. After it is sealed,2019 Hot Sell Green Black Pink Red Custom Made Backpacks for Girls Kids Fashion Mochilas. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Hot Sale High Speed Mini Four Lane Dry Biscuit Machine Machine with Cookies Packing Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Teflon Tape with Competitive Price.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Best Price Hollow Section Ms ERW Welded Black Steel Pipe for Furniture.
The results onPVC Gutter Fittings with Pipe Connector Roofing Drainage System Rainwater Down Pipe. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inJinma Tractor Ty395 Diesel Engine Parts Rebuilt Kitshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Customized Gift Boxing Laser Engraved Zinc Alloy Gold Metal Medal (241). The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)China Cheap Wood Chips Sawdust Pellet Machine(control)3003 Aluminum Honeycomb Core for Cooling Agent Carrier. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,China Manufacturer Diesel Engine 6bt Qsb Dongfeng Truck Belt Tensioner. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Sintered Stainless Steel Micro Bubble Diffuser/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Police Warning Car Emergency LED Dash Visor Light,Dia 28mm-128mm 12 Strand Polypropylene /Nylon/Polyester/Polyamide/Mixed Mooring Rope, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.