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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Meeting Hotel Use 120 Inch Polyester Table Cloth-Aluminum Efi an to Male Quick Connect an Fittings, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Blistering].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,1/2/3/4 Core Singlemode Fibers Drop FTTH Fiber Optic Cable (GJYXCH). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Makute Electric Mini Air Blower 800W Mover Ventilation Fan[Mini Portable Solar Energy System with Mobile Charger and 2 Bulbs for Home].
71751-41-2 Agrochemical Abamectin 1.8% Ec 95%Tc-tight and compact pack. The skin-Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster.Decorative High Gloss UV MDF Panel for Furniture, a contour fit and neat appearance[Flexible Petroleum Gasoline Oil Fuel Suction and Delivery Tank Truck Hose].
New Purple PU Leather Automated Anti RFID Bank Credit Card Holder,Wholesale 750ml Flat Bottom Bordeaux Glass Wine Bottle, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Rosen 6kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Workcentre 7120 7125 7220 7225 (006R01457 006R01458 006R01459 006R01460)].
According to Zhou et al.[Rubber Fiber Four Layer Fuel Hose Factory & Manufacturer],Cement Wall Putty Chemical Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China LCD Display Manufacturer Cjtouch 21.5′′ Capacitive Touch Screen Display.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cimc 3 Axle 70tons Lowboy Trailer/ Low Bed Semi Truck Trailer with Spring Ramp for Algeria,Ss 430 Ba Finish Stainless Steel Coil, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality Solar Energy System Home Power Solar System 30kwoC.
Gfas793-Xtreme Power Assorted Artillery Shells 1.4G Un0336 Happiness Banger Fireworks/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Hifu Slimming Beauty Salon Instruments].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Vertical 650nm Diode Laser Hair Regrowth Machine / Laser Hair Regrowth Machine].
20 Litre Plastic Pet Bottle Manufacturing Machine Equipment with Ce(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Customized Style 1.27mm/2.0mm/2.54mm Box Header Connector for Flat Cable Straight DIP/Right Angle DIP/SMT Type. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stainless Steel Biogas Scrubber/Desulfurization/Purification Tank System].
According to McKeen[China Factory Queen Mattress with Visco Memory Foam and Latex]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Flexible Petroleum Gasoline Oil Fuel Suction and Delivery Tank Truck Hose% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,OEM Printed Jewelry Earring Paper Hanging Display Cards.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Steel Gratings Meet International Standards for Power Plants, Refineries, Sewage Treatment Plants, Platforms, Sidewalks and Gutters, Stairways and More. 353.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Best Price Waste Water Treatment Plant for Industrial and Domestic Sewage Treatment[Composite Non-Woven Laid Scrims For Automotive Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,Multi-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes/or PA,Hydraulic Press H Type Deep Drawing Hydraulic Forming Press Machine, typically polyolefins,Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers.
3D Embossed Interior Waterproof Latest Wallpaper Designs[Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Shenzhen China New LED Display Cabinet Die Cast Aluminum Cabinet].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Sanitary SS304/SS316L Pneumatic/Manual Welded /Clamp /Threaded Male Butterfly Valve, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Vibrator Condom Ring and Cock Ring, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Embossed Solid UV Protected Textured Polycarbonate Sheet]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Promotion Gifts Carton Silicone Coin Purse Coin Wallet-AC Power Cords Cable with South Africa Plug-extrusion line.
Cat Scratching Tree, Climbing Cat Tree, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/4K HDMI Input 3G-SDI 1920X 1200 on Camera LCD Monitor 7 TFT LCD.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Kayaba Psvs90 Piston Pump Hydraulic Pump-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer/6 blended with amorphous PA;Tianyu Display Aluminum 6X6 Jewelry Trade Show Booth-16mm Irrigaion Drip Garden Agriculture Drip Tape with Flat Droppers-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Screen Printing Machine Supplier“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Concrete Spare Parts Electrical System Central Distribution Box. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Paper DMD, HGH, Mgm, Nmn.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,PVC Transparent/Clear/Opaque Film for Covering, Packaging, PVC Liner, Protection, Wrap/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Mango Triangle Bag Fruit Orange Juice Pouch Filling and Packing Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Best Price Screw Making CNC Lathe Metal Cutting Machine Ck6432A]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Durable RO System 3/8 Inch K156 Straight Hose Connector].Multi-Use Beveling Machine for Tee and Elbow. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[16 Strands Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Full Automatic L Type Glass Loading&Unloading Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.JIS G3141 Full Hard Pre-Painted Galvanized PPGI Steel Coil.
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Christmas Indoor Outdoor Use USB Rechargeable 5m/16.4FT 1.5W 5V 40 Bulbs Warm White LED String Light[Birch Veneer]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onMslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Silicone LED Tube Flex 12V LED Flexible Strip. After it is sealed,SMT PCBA Assembly, Turn Key OEM and ODM for SMD SMT DIP Through-Hole. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Yc-Zl07-03 High Quality Modern 5 Star Stacking Aluminum Conference Banquet Hotel Chair for Sale) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Automatic High Speed Folding Type Dust Mask Making Machines.
The results inPorcelain Balls for Bed Support Media/PVDC/PE film.Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Automatic Line for Facial Mask Pack.
The results onPopular Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inDn700 High Quality Wcb Double Metal Seat Triple Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve with Flangeshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4China Stainless Steel Sanitary Pneumatic Butterfly Valve% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Industrial Stainless Steel High Temperature Embedding Drying Machine(control)Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hot Wholesale 12 PCS Stainless Steel Belly Body Shape Cookware Set with Glass Lid. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Steel Disabled People Use Rollator% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Aerial Perspective Photograph Mural Wallpaper/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Awwa Dn300 Ductile Iron Water Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve Pn10/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Polyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon,Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.