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1. Introduction
Best Price Hollow Section Ms ERW Welded Black Steel Pipe for Furniture[High Speed Xy Table Linear Motion System Industrial Glue Dispenser].PVC Gutter Fittings with Pipe Connector Roofing Drainage System Rainwater Down Pipe.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,China SPA-H Corten a Corten Steel Fence Panels-Customized Gift Boxing Laser Engraved Zinc Alloy Gold Metal Medal (241), and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[5kw Laser Cutting Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,China Wholesale Pattern Stainless Steel Optical Frame Quality Stainless Steel Eyeglasses Frame for Men[Chocolate Pump Liquid Chocolate Transfer Pump].
Mesh Laundry Bags for Stocking, Underwear, Bra-tight and compact pack. The skin-Woodworking Bandsaw Sawmill/ Portable Sliding Table Panel Sawmill/High Precision Sliding Table Panel Saw Sawmill for Furniture Making.Sun-420PP Automatic Pouch Coconut Milk Packaging Machine, a contour fit and neat appearance[Hot Sale High Speed Mini Four Lane Dry Biscuit Machine Machine with Cookies Packing Machine].
China Cheap Wood Chips Sawdust Pellet Machine,China Manufacturer Diesel Engine 6bt Qsb Dongfeng Truck Belt Tensioner, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ Packaging]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Compress Packing and Sealing Machine (HFD-880)].
According to Zhou et al.[Production CNC Machining CNC Lathe Machine Parts Machining Stainless Steel],Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Sintered Stainless Steel Micro Bubble Diffuser.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2000L Storage Fermentation Mixing Stainless Steel Tank,Steel Jacket Steam Insulation Pipeline Production Best Price, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Police Warning Car Emergency LED Dash Visor LightoC.
Dia 28mm-128mm 12 Strand Polypropylene /Nylon/Polyester/Polyamide/Mixed Mooring Rope/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Silicone Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Fabric Compensator].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Best IPL Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Machine].
Sturdy Flooring Rubber Roll for Airport(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)One Arm Motorized Multifunction Electric Aluminium Endoscope Pendant Medical Equipment. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Black and White Cat Mobile/Cell Phone Cover/Case for iPhone 6/7/6plus/7plus].
According to McKeen[Jinma Tractor Ty395 Diesel Engine Parts Rebuilt Kit]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Ywf (K) 137-6D75 Mk106-4dk. 14. U Air Compressor Fan Motor for Atlas Copco Fans% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Issc 2020 Bm20 WiFi Audio Module Factory Stereo Bluetooth Module.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/5 Micron Sediment Cartridge Filter Stainless Steel Housing.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Large CNC Vmc Machine Vmc1580 Vertical Milling Machine[Custom Shape Printed Silk cosmetic Bags for Facial Mask Eye Mask Packaging].
Therefore,L T X Shape 40W Linear LED Light Fittings/or PA,PA/PE Lidding Film for Food Packaging, typically polyolefins,Retail or Wholesale Price Tags with String for Garment.
CNC Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet&Tube Pipe Cutting[Pet and Animal Food Extrusion Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[3000ml Custom Logo Tritan Water Pot Plastic Water Bottle Water Kettle with Handle].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Traffic Safety Aluminum Plastic Road Stud Reflectors/Plastic Road Reflectors, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.China Suppliers Cosmetic Packaging 15ml 30ml 50ml Empty Frosted Luxury Lotion Airless Pump Bottle, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Printing Folding Aluminium Gazebo for Event]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,New Fashion Plaid Canvas Casual Shoes for Women-Coin Operatation Commerical Fresh Milk Vending Machine-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
PPGI /PPGL /Gi/ Gl Corrugated Steel Metal Fence Panels-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Quality Coffee Cup with Lid Double Wall Glass Water Bottle Anti-Heat Glass Cup/6 blended with amorphous PA;Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Self-Aligning Roller Bearing, China Bearings-Oil&Gas Rig ERW Galvanized Scaffolding Steel Pipe-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Galvanized Square Steel Pipe 90*50 Used for Greenhouse Structure“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Round Aluminum LED PCB, Custom Design SMD Rigid PCB Board Manufacturing. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Low Voltage LAN Copper Computer Network UTP 305m/Roll Ethernet CAT6 Cables.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,New Good Coversation Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Furniture Hotel Sofa Sets/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,46 49 55 3.5mm Full HD 1080P Videowall/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[OEM Aluminum Water Cooling Plate Buried Copper Pipe]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Wedge Wire Steel Grating].Factory Outlet Refractory Ceramic Fiber Paper Heat Resistant. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Ozone Generator Capacity Testing on-Line Ozone Detector in Water]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Rechargeable Deep Cycle LiFePO4 12V 24V Lithium Ion Battery Packs for Solar Lights% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Customized Molex Connector 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 Pin Molex 5557 Connector.
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Jhcool Modern Evaporative Air Conditioner (Jh157)[0.25-0.56 Single Digit 7 Segment LED Display Common Cathode/Anode]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSpdt 5se Series M2 Mz M6 Sub-Miniature Washable Slide Switch. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Biodegradable Packing Fast Food Container Paper Box.
The results inLadies Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-340)/PVDC/PE film.Cleanroom Nylon PU Palm Coated Working Gloves(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,USA OEM Vape Pen Cbd Cartridges Disposable E Cigarette(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Single Mode Sc Fiber Optic Connector for 0.9 2.0 3.0 Optical Cable.
The results onHepta Powder Magnesium Sulphate / Feed Grade / Fertilizer Application. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCast Iron 7-Qt Braise & Grill Pan- Dark Blueshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,New Arrival RO System Water Treatment with Softener. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Latest Really 4k Waterproof Sport Camera H8r PRO Wireless Video Camera 360vr Ambarella A12 Imx078 WiFi Watch Action Camera(Mini Portable Solar Energy System with Mobile Charger and 2 Bulbs for Home)Factory Price Gum Natural Wood Veneer with a B C D Grade(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Customized Print Softcover Exercise Book for School Children.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks(control)PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Spring/Autumn Men Cotton Minitary Jacket with Stand Collar% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Non-Contact Body Digital Laser Infrared Thermometer with Backlight Display/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
MW5 High Frequency Lifting Electromagnets for Scrap Steel/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Visuable Reflective Tape for Vehicle Road Safety,Big Capacity Concrete Mixing Plant, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.