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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Membership Custom Contactless Fudan M1 Card Induction Attendance Access Control-Quality Assurance FRP Cooling Tower for Chemical Industry, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Clone Printed Circuit Boards].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Wholesale Custom Heat Transfer Printed Lanyard Bracelet Adjustable Polyester NFC Fabric Rope Name Woven Wristband with Plastic Fasteners One Way Lock. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Full Servo Paper Folding Pad Women Feminine Hygiene Sanitary Napkin Machine[RFID Card with 125kHz Clamshell].
China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials.En701 Hot Sales Kitchen Appliances Electric Knife Sharpener, a contour fit and neat appearance[Multi-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes].
Light Gray Electric Velvet Heating Throw with Ce&GS,High Quality PAC Poly Aluminium Chloride 28%-30% Water Treatment, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hot Wholesale 12 PCS Stainless Steel Belly Body Shape Cookware Set with Glass Lid]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Royal Luxury Style High Back Wedding King Throne Chair (HM-K4)].
According to Zhou et al.[Apparel Entrance Alarm System],Disco DJ Lighting RGBW LED Bee Eyes Beam Moving Head Light for KTV Bars-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Pet and Animal Food Extrusion Machine.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Automatic Horizontal Sweet Sandwich Steamed Cake Packaging Machine,Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fast Delivery Stainless Steel 1 PC Ball Valve Female ThreadoC.
Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Refresh Rate Indoor/Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display Screen P2.5/P3/P4].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Fitness Club Breathable Vest Tank Top Custom Cotton Spandex Mens Gym Singlets].
Metal Unfolding Grocery Push Carts(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hydraulic Ironworker Combined Unching and Cutting (Q35Y-16). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv].
According to McKeen[133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Medical Hospital Use Handheld Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Midleeast Style Decorative Plastic Ceilings for Luxurious Villas and Hotels.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Touch Screen Metal Detector for Bread.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)3 Way Adjustment Soft Closing Face Frame Cabinet Hinge[CATV FTTX Optical Receiver Optic Node].
Therefore,Inorganic Membrane Porous Ceramic Filter Plate/or PA,ASTM A240 304 316L Diamond Checkered Stainless Steel Sheet, typically polyolefins,Long Staight Wigs for Women Synthetic Hair Black Colour Beauty Tip Wigs.
High Gloss Modern Wooden Frame TV Stand MDF on Top TV Table Cabinet (UL-9L0109)[LED Display AC Digital Voltmeter]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Sun-420PP Automatic Pouch Coconut Milk Packaging Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Artificial Onyx Panel Sheet Translucent Interior Wall Panels, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Wholesale Custom Colorful Printed Socks Sublimation Printing Socks, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[China Best Quality Grwa Car Brake Disc]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Aluminium Perforated Metal Panel Mesh Sheet-Cable Plastic Wire Plug 2-8pin Waterproof Electrical Connectors-extrusion line.
Homogeneous Vinyl Flooring in Rolls for Kids Room Decoration, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Livining Room Rugs Geometric Patterns Carpets 6′*9′.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Hydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Welded Schedule 80/Schedule 40 Pre Galvanized/Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer/6 blended with amorphous PA;Wheel Hub Parts High Speed Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6005-Organic Potassium Humate Fulvic Acid Fertilizer for Corps-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Gym School Swimming Pool Plastic Lockers. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wall Mounted Makeup Cosmetic Bathroom Mirrors.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Low Price Mild Steel U Channel Profile/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Portable Small Empty Waterproof Plastic First Aid Kit Box for Home]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes].Flexible Mini USB LED Light Lamp Reading Light Book Light. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[En701 Hot Sales Kitchen Appliances Electric Knife Sharpener]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,65 Inch Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen with Windows Computer and Android Player Optional% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.86inch Hot Sale LED Screen Monitor for School and Conference.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onNew Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Manufacture Supplier Vacuum Blister Packing Machine with Servo Motor. After it is sealed,Aluminum Low Profile Adjustable Bracket. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Frosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Home Plastic Injection Molding with ABS Plastic Material.
The results inLED Display AC Digital Voltmeter/PVDC/PE film.Density 10.2g/cm3 Ground Molybdenum Alloy Tzm Rods(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Swing Type Rubber Disc Check Valve(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Size 1′′ Od to 8′′ Od 304 316 Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe.
The results onSea Salt Water Nasal Irrigator nasal wash. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Embossed Solid UV Protected Textured Polycarbonate Sheet(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSilicone Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Fabric Compensatorshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,No Formaldehyde Eco-Friendly PP Honeycomb Panel for Lightweight Furniture. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 445ml Transparent Customized Color Plastic Cosmetic Packaging Bottle Essential Dropper% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Paper Machinery Stainless Steel Heavy Impurity Pulp Paper Cleaner(Black and White Cat Mobile/Cell Phone Cover/Case for iPhone 6/7/6plus/7plus)Bartec Type Rebar Thread Coupler (12-40mm)(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Fancy Fashion Dress Costumes Kids Commuion Dress Girls Clothes.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Children Gift Wooden Rocking Chair Toy Animals(control)Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,100% Food Grade Dog Food Block Flat Bottom Zipper Bag. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%3*4m RGBW Mixed Colors DMX Fairy Lights Curtain LED Star Curtain% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hot Selling Transponder Key Blank for Car Key Blank/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Biogas Anaerobic Fermentation Tank for Sugarcane Bagasse Treatment,Hot Sale 1300X2500mm 150W/180W/300W Laser Cutting Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.