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1. Introduction
Building Materials, Steel Structure Industrial Workshop, Steel Prefabricated Warehouse[OEM Production Liquid Laundry Detergent for Clothes].Local Photography Wallpaper Murals for Artistic Decoration.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame-Enamel Cast Iron Casserole Dish with Lid, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Fashion Visor Hat].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,New Fashion Outdoor Sport Multifunctional Altimeter Watch for Climbing Air Pressure Temperature Weather Forecast. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Top Qualify 125kHz ISO18000-2 Tk4100 RFID Disposable Paper Wristband[Standard Size NBR 70 O-Rings for Static and Dynamic Seals].
Small 10ml Amber Glass Roll on Bottle with Gold and Silver Aluminum Cap-tight and compact pack. The skin-10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller.Aoi Computer Vision Ai Optical Inspection PCB Production Quality Control Industrial Camera Inspection System Software Included, a contour fit and neat appearance[ASTM A335 Seamless Steel Pipe by Grade P91].
Melamine MDF Board for Furniture and Building Materials,18W Atex Explosion Proof Rechargeable Flashlight LED Work Light, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Animal Sterilizer Oven]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete].
According to Zhou et al.[Die Casting Led Panel],36V 6-18ah Lithium Battery Smart Folding Electric Kick Scooter for Adult Foldable Electric Bike Mobility Scooter Adult Folding-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Small Easy Laser Equipment for Marking Engraving Domestic DIY Use.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wt-M7 Land Use Electrical Home Power Generator by Mitsubishi Engine,Custom Made 60ml Clear Empty Glass Perfume Bottles, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Aquarium Air Pump with 2 Nozzles Adjustable Gas FlowoC.
16 Strands Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Induction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Quality Outdoor LED Advertising Screen Price Aluminum Display Stand Stage].
35kg Per Day Commercial Ice Cube Maker Machine for Sale(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Mold Welding Head Accessory for Laser Welding Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Indoor&Outdoor Used Back Lit Acrylic Letter Sign].
According to McKeen[Factory OEM Logo Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Lamp]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Fitness Club Breathable Vest Tank Top Custom Cotton Spandex Mens Gym Singlets% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Anticorrosive Filling Machine for Chemical Liquid.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/We67K-63t/2500 Delem Da52s Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)500g Industrial Wastewater Deodorization Ozone Generator Disinfector Ozonator[dx-blast.com].
Therefore,Professional Custom 3D Aircraft Metal Keychain for Promotional Gift/or PA,Kiddie 1 Player Dumbo Bike Shape Mechanical Animal Ride, typically polyolefins,Automated Industrial Potato Chips Making Machine Frozen French Fries Machinery.
Custom Computer Optical Mouse PCB[285W China Supplier Solar Panel Manufacturer Photovoltaic Solar Cell Polycrystalline]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Modular Design Asphalt Batch Mixing Plant for Sale].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,600ml Christmas Silicone Sports Folding Water Bottle for Hiking, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Pure Sinewave Output High-Low Voltage Protection 8kw off Grid Hybrid Solar Wind Power System, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Huge Perforated Wood Timber Acoustic Panel-Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing-extrusion line.
Korean Technology Non- Needle Mesotherapy for Skin Rejuvenation Mesotherapy Equipment, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/China Factory Wholesale Colorful Hollow Round Fiberglass FRP Tubes Pipes.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;2016 China Industrial High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen Price/6 blended with amorphous PA;Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment-Four Wheel Drive Self Loading Mini Dumper SD30s-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Semi and Full Automatic Cutting Machine for Metal Pipe“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-5-400W Electric DC Motor for Electric Vehicle/Massage Chair. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Best Selling Em4200 125kHz Blank PVC RFID Clamshell Thick Key Card.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Fry Pan Die-Die for Metal-Hydraulic Press Mould/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Die Board Laser Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Tube/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[CNC Steel Cutting and Milling Machinery]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Professional Custom 3D Aircraft Metal Keychain for Promotional Gift].Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Round Aluminum LED PCB]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hammock Chair Hanging Knitted Mesh Cotton Rope Macrame Swing, 260 Pounds Capacity, 23.6 Seat Width, for Bedroom, Outdoors, Garden, Patio, Yard..
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Stone Carving Gazebo with Bronze Cap for Garden Decoration[Single Head Cutting Saw]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Torque Low Rpm 24V DC Planetary Gear Motor.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onTop Grade Polyester Screen Printing Mesh. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Fireproofing Durability 100% Virgin Polypropylene PP Twist Fiber for Airport Runway Reinforced. After it is sealed,Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,China Aluminum Pure Coil 1050 0.3-0.5mm Thickness for Construction.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality.
The results onASTM B399 Standard AAAC Conductor All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC Cable. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inMbr Membrane Bioreactor Domestic Sewage Treatment Plantshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Promotional Custom Orange Non-Woven Fabric Small Cool Bag for Frozen Food. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Pre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock(control)New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Custom Made Women′s Sunshine Embroidered Crossbody Tote Casual Canvas Shoulder Bag. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%API Factory of Ishikawajima Tbm Shield Driving Roller Disc Cutter% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Ha Meso Skin Rejuvenation 3.5ml Mesotherapy Solution with High Concentration/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
LED Street Light Fixtures 100 Watt 5 Years Warranty/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Electric Excavator Liner,-25c Extramely Cold Area Heating Room 10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw R407c Evi Brine Water Source Heat Pump Package, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.