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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.60 Teeth Carbide Circular Saw Blade for Cutting Hard Wood Laminate Board Plastic. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Textile Lift Sling Automatic Cutting and Winding Machine
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Galvanized Iron Sheet in Coil High Quality Dx51d 120 GSM Steel Gi Coil for Corrugated Roof Sheet

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ABSTRACT

Tungsten Molybdenum Alloy Crucible for Vacuum Furnace Melting-Single Phase Digital Current Meter. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Winter/Autumn Wholesale Kid Clothing Baby Children Apparel Girl Flower Print Beauty Fashion Beautiful Dress,Dtl-1 Ring Type Copper-Aluminum Connecting Terminal Lugs, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/LED Headlight Conversion Kit H7-Oxalic Acid for 99.6% Purity,Soccer Artificial Turf with Good Price for Football (STO),IC Driver 85V-265V E27 B22 5W 3u LED Corn Lamp, LED Corn Bulb, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Sewage and Wastewater Static Wedge Wire Stainless Steel Screen Filter. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Textile Lift Sling Automatic Cutting and Winding Machine-Hotel Dental Kit Toothbrush Shaving Kit Razor Amenities Sets.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Stable Performance Double Face Baby Use Sheepskin Women Ladies Winter Snow Boots-Pure Material HDPE Poly Pipe for Water Supply and Drains. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Portable Oxygen Concentrator Psa Technology with Good Price-Pure Material HDPE Poly Pipe for Water Supply and Drains.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

XLPE Tinned Copper Wire Braiding Screen Electrical Wire Control Cable, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Trocut Biopsy Needles(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Mf 1K Smart RFID Card ID IC Prepaid Card Plastic Hotel Key Card Fitness Blank Card,Pulse Air Filtering Baghouse Industrial Bag Dust Collector⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Small Scale Pet Plastic Glass Bottle Liquid Filler 12 Heads Automatic Filling Machine, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Oil Suction Filter Lement for Hydraulic Valve-use surgical gowns. Thus,Stainless Steel Fire Water Tank Wholesaler-laced non-5-50L Lab Vacuum Mixing Mixer with Homogenizer Emulsifier, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Insertion Type Digital Sewage Water Electromagnetic Flow Meter Manufacturer, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,6X8 Power Inductor with RoHS for LED,Magnetic Closure Gift Box with Black EVA Tray. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,CNC Lathe Main Parts with Good Quality. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-5 in 1 Multifunction Skin Peeling Micro-Bubble Machine for Skin Whitening and Deep Cleaning(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:201 Nickel Non Magnetic Stainless Steel Coil-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Security Encryption NTAG 424 DNA Tamper proof Inlay Tag. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.1/2 Hard Cold Rolled 310 Stainless Steel Sheet in Stock- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,2019 New Tws V5 Mini Bluetooth True Wireless Stereo Earphone Sports Running in-Ear Earbuds Headphone for Mobile Phone, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Industrial Style Matt Black Sliding Shower Enclosure 10mm Easy Clean Glass Reversible Double Sliding Shower Cubicle Door, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (White Basket Wooden Storage Box Flower Pot) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304 SS316L Clamped Long Equal Tee Pipe Fittings-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,PVC Disposable Clear Vinyl Latex Glove-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Ablation Needle for Lumber Vertebra's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Statuarietto Marble Bianco Carrara Marble Stone Slab.375ml Transperant/Dark Green Red Wine Glass Bottle(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Injection Moulding Mold Temperature Control Machine Sheet Metal Fabrication. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,3800 mm Length Precision Panel Saw with 45 Degree Cutting-Ce ISO Approval First Aid Kit Box Wall Mount with Lock. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy.Cosmetic Makeup and Jewelry Storage Case Display, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,High Demand Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Temporary Fence, Iron Temporary Fence Construction Site.

Hydraulic Press H Frame Guide 250 Ton Car Filter Making Machine. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Promotional Custom Printed PVC Loyalty Membership Card with Magnetic Stripe, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Women Fashion Fancy Business Cheap Toe Socks for Boots Wholesale, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Square Pipe⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Outdoor Industrial Screen 128X64 Graphic Stn/Positive Display Ks0107controller Panel 20pins Small 128*64 LCD Module% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,12u 600X600 Double Section Wall Mount Cabinet, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Solid Oak TV Stand Wooden Table with High Quality/Rustic TV Stand/Entertainment Centers and TV Stands/ TV Table. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)26FT Aluminum All Welded Landing Craft/Working Boat/Cargo Boat(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,1 or 2 Core Optic Fiber Cable/ FTTH Drop Cable-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Certifided LED Segment Display for Retail Advertising LED Display Rental LED Display-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Custom Printed Circuit Board Factory PCBA Assembly-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inSs316L Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger for Air CompressorandLightweight Elastic Sports Wear Foot Guard Ankle Sleeve.

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ASA+PVC Composite Roof Tile Making Machine / Plastic Glazed Roof Tile Extrusion Production Linestates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Cmyk Printing MIFARE FM1108 13.56MHz 1K Contactless RFID Payment Cards.

As shown inCr1000 (3) Common Rail Injector Tester, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Waterproof Army Military Uniforms for Unisex(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Computerized Terry Socks Knitting Machine /6fpt-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Peephole Viewer]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Cheap Kitchen Quartz Stone Sink]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:ASTM 304 Stainless Steel Tube Usage[High Quality with Low Price Palm Type Aneroid Sphygmomanometer/Blood Pressure Monitor]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [10ml Spray Bottle Travel Small Perfume Bottle Liquid Oil Cosmetic Travel Refillable Bottle]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate Feed Grade]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Wear Plate and Cutting Ring for Concrete Pump Parts]

8. Leonas KK.Syntec Control 4 Axis CNC Router Carousel Atc 1530. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Black Color Tube Eyelet Lift Gas Spring]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:New OPP Super Clear Crystal Carton Packing Tape with Logo, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [50ml Colorful Plastic Bottle/ Lotion Pump Bottle/Pet Bottle with Lotion Pump/Shampoo/Body Lotion Bottle]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:New OPP Super Clear Crystal Carton Packing Tape with Logo, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Oil Suction Filter Lement for Hydraulic Valve]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Steel Toe and Plate Work Boots Goodyear Welted Shoes Outdoor Safety Shoes' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:6 in 1 Pen Press Machine Sublimation Pen Heat Press Machine[Automatic Cake Box Packing Machine (GK-1200G)]