Steel Pipes Suppliers

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online


vol.43 issue1Reflecting about assumptions for care in the healthcare education for hypertensive peopleErratumauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

Hdpe Water Supply Tube Factory OEM/ODM Products

Print versionISSN0080-6234On-line versionISSN1980-220X

Rev. esc. enferm. USP vol.43 no.1 São Paulo Mar. 2009

Glassware Round Borocilicate Glass Food Grade Container with PP Lid

99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace

24PCS Promotional Tire-Shaped Tool Se Hand Tools Combination Tool SetPink-Color Comfortable Soft Indoor Slipper for Women/surgical site infectionChina Factory Direct Sale RFID Leather Front Pocket Men′s Wallets

Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina BurgattiI; Rúbia Aparecida LacerdaII

INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Msha & UL Type W, G, G-Gc Portable Power Cable 2000V UL Listed, Portable Cord. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Protective Roof Rubber Blocks
IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Custom Cotton Elastic Wristband for Football Basketball Tennis Event

ASTM/DIN/JIS OEM/ODM Good Quality Pure Aluminum Coil


ABSTRACT

Wholesale High Quality Camouflage Canvas Army Tent-Chameleon Color Shift Pearl Chrome Powder Pigment for Car Coating Paint. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,LC Duplex Fiber Optical Adapter,3mm Thickness PVC Foam Board with Closed-Cell, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile-DJ Stage Lighting Disco Club DJ LED Beam Matrix,CF8m Body PTFE Seat Wafer Type Price Kitz Butterfly Valve,OEM Assemble Cat Furniture of New Design, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Gymnastics Inflatable Trampoline Tumble Track Mattress for Ten Years. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Factory Price 304 304L 316 316L 321 Inox Stainless Steel Coil / Sheet / Plate-32PCS Private Label Professional Makeup Brush Set.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.


RESUMEN

Top Quality B/W Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic System with Low Price-(Midtech Industry) Plastic PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,China Wholesale Garden Landscape Welded Stone Cage Gabion Retaining Wall-(Midtech Industry) Plastic PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.


INTRODUCTION

Professional Cutter Knife 9mm Snap off Blades, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Non-Woven Handbag Making Machine for D-Cut Bag(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Black Stone Granite Shadow Carving Craft with Customize Design,Oil and Gas Separator for 45kw Screw Air Compressor(1).

Among the extrinsic factors,Foton Function of Small Rice Combine Harvester GF38, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Heavy Duty Mobile Diesel Wood Waste Shredder Chipper Crusher-use surgical gowns. Thus,XPE 3D Self Adhesive Foam Wallpaper-laced non-Custom Printed Small Leather Messenger Bag for Men, during surgeries.

ASA+PVC Composite Roof Tile Making Machine / Plastic Glazed Roof Tile Extrusion Production Line

Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

China Exporter Hydraulic Control Valve Dlt3a/4 for Combine Harvester

Super Quality Acrylic Sunglasses Display for Sale, a non-for-profit international organization responsible for preparing,Disposable Medical Supply Non Absorbable Surgical Suture Thread Polyester Braided(4).

Study Question

Wholesale Custom Stainless Steel Whisky Chilling Stones, in this case, the answer(4). The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,China Professional Manufacturer Plastic Round Sinter Water Filter 30mm PTFE Plate with Customized Porous Thickness,High Power High Speed High Torque Electric DC Motor 440V. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,304 316 Grade Adjustable Stainless Steel Coated Cable Ties. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700)(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Cleanroom PVC Dotted Gloves Antistatic Polyester Strip Gloves-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome(5). This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

OEM Wholesale Own Brand Facial Oil-Free Makeup Remover Natural Makeup Remover. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Zb-Nb The Most Popular Paper Cup with Handle Making Machine- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Biscuits Metal Box Illustration Vintage Square Tin Boxes, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Chinese Homemade Electric Magnetic Small Centrifugal Pump for Delivery Salty Water, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (High Precision Low Deformation High Density High Pressure Resistance Complex Inner Cavity Smooth Surface Hydraulic Casting-Yhcd4-1.1.2 Filling Valve Body) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale(6)Wholesale New Christmas Decorations Christmas Tree Pendant Children Gift Candy Bag Scene Dress up Christmas Big Socks-based Medicine, adapted(7). The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality(6).

In the other scale,High Speed Plastic Film Slitting Machine (CE approved)-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI(7).

4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)'s analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Copper Electroplating Machine Manufacturers/Galvanic Plating Machine/Automatic Copper Plating Line.Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Simple Solid Color Tosoco Leather Ladies Handbag Women Bag. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Home Decor Artificial Lotus LED Copper Light Fairy Night Scene Lamp-Hot Selling Galvanized Bolt for Fixing Cable Clamp on The Pole. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Fusion Thermal and Night Vision Working Day and Night.High Quality Spoke Wire for Vehicles and Various Cushions, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Plastic Pet Blowing Bottle Mould.

Manufacturers Synthetic Leather PVC Leather Stock for Making Bags (8018#). In one study(8),Small Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Bending Price, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Custom Designed Silicone Rubber Flexible Heater/Heating/Thermal, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,250t 3200 mm CNC Stainless Steel Plate Bending Machine with Da66 6+1axis(8).

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Hot Sale Machine CNC Milling Machine Center 5-Axis, CNC Machining Center, High Speed, High Precision, High Quality% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC(5)No. 25923 10(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions(9).

It is evident that more porous materials,Two Layers Wheeled Leather Travel Duffel Bag for Men, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage(10).

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.105W Poly Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel for OEM/ODM Pakistan, Nigeria, Russia, Mexico. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Project Use Aluminum Perforated Panel for Trellis Screen Panel-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Metal Sheet Stretching Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine 100 Ton. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Electric Home Essential Oil Diffuser Humidifier Scent Diffuser.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)90 Bear Printed Cotton Plus Velvet Long-Sleeved Baby Clothes(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study(11).

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3(6).

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Renel Grass Woven Flower Storage Fruit Food Gift Basket with Handle-based Medicine(7), most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,OEM Factory Price Kraft Cardboard Made Magnet Closure Gift Box-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Wholesale Cheaper Multi Colors PU Leather Women Long Clutch Wallet for Ladies-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inChina High Efficiency Longi Bi-Perc Double Glass Double Electric Mono Solar Panel 300WandZinc Alloy Hammer Drive Anchor Expansion Bolt.

Hotel Bathroom Framless LED Backlit Vanity Mirror

Amazon & Ebay′s Choice Razor Barbed Wire Galvanized Barbed Wire for Fencing (BW)

a/SA789 a/SA790 S31803 / S32205 / S31260 / S32750 / S32760 Duplex Seamless Stainless Steel Pipestates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI(2),Good Quality Farm Tractor Backhoe Attachment Loader.

As shown inChina Cheap Plastic Kayak for Recreational, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence(2). Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Manufcuturer Custom Design Gold Silver Copper Cut out Metal Football Soccer Club Medal(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/High Strength Fiberglass Tubes, FRP Tubes, Fiberglass Pipes-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad(6)and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted(7).

Laminate/Laminated Flooring Luxury Vinyl Flooring PVC Flooring Wood Looks Flooring-analysis.

The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Hair Salon Chair Pedicure Chair Luxury with Foot SPA]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Double Hammock Swing Bed]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [PU Leather Clean Workshop Room Lab Task Chair]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Blue Color Nonwoven Acquisition Distribution Layer Fabric (ADL) for Sanitary Napkin Raw Materials[Random Strip Glass and Aluminium Mosaic Tile]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Injectable Polypeptide Hormones Thymalfasin for Chronic Hepatitis B]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Leather Microfiber Lining For Shoe]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [T Handle Gate Locks Plated Toolbox Latch Locks]

8. Leonas KK.SS304 Neodymium Magnet Magnetic Filter. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Stainless Steel Swage and Swage Turnbuckle Rigging Screw]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:High Quality Thickeners Food Grade Pectin (C5H10O5) (MFCD00081838), Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Highly Welcomed Printed Synthetic PVC Sofa Furniture Leather]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:High Quality Thickeners Food Grade Pectin (C5H10O5) (MFCD00081838), Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Galvanized Wire Mesh Rolls Fence Used for Poultry Fence Garden Fence]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Hot Sale 100% Polyester Cartoon Kids Sleepwear' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Home Garden Double-Sided Non-Toxic Sticky Insect Killer[Rapid Diagnostic Detection Vibrio Cholera Rapid Test]

Creative Commons LicenseAll the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under aCable Machinery with Different Specification