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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.High -Strenght Steel Plate (SS400, S275JR). Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Fragile Articles Packing
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Flexographic Printing Machine 4 Color HDPE Plastic Print

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ABSTRACT

E12-X IP65 E Screw Series LED Miniature Indicator Lamp Bulbs, Red, Yellow-JIS B2311 Sch 5s Sandbalsting Concentric Pipe Reducer Fitting. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,304 316 Stainless Steel Elbow 180 90 45 60 30 15 Degree,Easy Assembly Prefabricated Clear Span Industrial Steel Frame Structure Building/Warehouse/Workshop, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Electrinics Products Aluminum Base LED PCBA-Wholesale Compression Mesh Women Fitness High Waisted Seamless Leggings,Agriculture Irrigation Garden Watering System Plastic Rotary Wheel Type Sprinkler,Door Mosquito Net Magnetic Fly Screen Doors with Strong Magnets, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,15W/20/25W/30W/60W/80W/ All-in-One/Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Ultra Width Aluminum Coil in Grade 1050 3003 5052-Milk Soyben Seasoning Powder Auto Packing Machine.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Greenhouse Light Deprivation Blackout Plastic Shade Screens, Energy Saving Screen for Chrysanthemum-Ca Fast Response High Quality Fire Extinguisher Ball Price. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,3D Ceramic Floor Tile Making Machine-Ca Fast Response High Quality Fire Extinguisher Ball Price.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

China Industrial Chiller Low Temperature Cooling Liquid Circulating Pump, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Indoor HEPA Filter Home Air Purifier Jo-8501 with UV Lamp(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,BGA Repair Station, Soldering Tool, Welding Machine T-870A,China Manufacturer Washable Anti-Distortion Polyester Wadding for Quilting and Garments⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Venlo Type Multi-Span Glass Greenhouse Made in Keda, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,China Manufacturer Stainless Steel Multi-Angle Auto Car Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts for Motorcycle Spare Parts-use surgical gowns. Thus,Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices-laced non-Fan Filter Unit Series HEPA FFU Filter with Exchange, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Multi-Functional Egg Tart Packaging Box Is Degradable, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball,2 Colors Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Factory Black Polyformaldehyde Rod (POM) Sheet/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delrin Rod. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Best Quality and Price 3A21 Aluminum Circle/Discs for Cooking Ware Utensils(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Audio Amplifier Aluminum Box End Plate Stamping,Stamped Product,Metal Lathe Parts,CNC Cutting Machines Parts,Sheet Metal Stamping Dies,Stamping Manufacturers-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Composite High Strong Pultruded Profiles FRP GRP Gre RTR Pipe. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.6mm Thickness Steel Sheet, Excellent Building Material Aluminium Alloy 6061 Ingot 6063 Plate, Aluminum Sheet 1100-H14 5083 H321 Grade Plate Supplier (ASTM B209)- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Cheap Printing Materials 140g Double Matte PP Paper, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.1 Micron Nonwoven Needle Punched Felt Polypropylene Filter Cloth, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (High-End Flexo Printing Slotting and Die-Cutting Carton Machine) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Zl50 5t China Heavy Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Construction Equipment-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,New Arrival Official Notebook Hardcover Books with Pen Note Books Magnetic-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Snow Ebike, Fat Tire Ebike's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)T Series 90 Degree Efficiency Steering Box for Agriculture.Connectable LED Linear Trunking Light Office Linear Light(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

30100-90063 30199-90064 30100-90208 Auto Parts Clutch Disc for Nissan Toyota Hino Isuzu. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Pharmacy Capillary Remote Seal Differential Pressure Level Sensor-100% Cotton Jacquard Beach Towel Beach Blanket with High Quality (JRD896). Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Deep Drawing 200ton Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100t.Safe Rechargeable 4000mAh Lithium Polymer Battery 3.6V Single Lipo Cell for EV, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Customized Unique Hanging Round Golden Modern Pendant Chandelier Light LED W for Home Hotel.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Complete Palm Oil Milling Processing Machine Palm Oil Extractor% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,2016 New Product Aluminum Home Solar Power System (MD402-0004), constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Factory of Tunnel Driving for Hitachi Tbm Machine Twin Cutter. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Inner Steering Tie Rod for Toyota Ipsum Acm26 45503-49115-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-ASTM Tp316 304 201 Square/Round Galvanized Stainless Steel Pipe for Chemical, Aerospace Equipment. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,16 Spindle Lace High Speed Braiding Machine Textile Machinery.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)5FT2′ 157cm Adult Love Doll Toys with 3 Realistic Entries Full Real Size Doll Sex Toy for Men(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Party Green Festival German Oktoberfest Bavarian Alpine Party Halloween Felt Hat-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Air Conditioner Use Foma Rubber Wall Rubber Bumper-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Poplar LVL Bed Anf Door for Furniture Plywood LVL-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in48V Working Voltage 1200*5000mm Switchable Pdlc Film Smart GlazingandP5 P6 P8 Outdoor SMD Full Color Advertising LED Display Screen for Exterior Building Background.

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Multi-Function Nylon Material Sport Duffle Bag Yoga Mat Tote Bagstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Ferrous Metals Ore Vibrating Screen Machine.

As shown inCotton Mop, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Custom Aluminium Digital Printing Teardrop/ Feather /Flying/Beach Flag(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/800W YAG Laser Laser Mould Welding Machine for 4mm Alloy Tool Steel-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [m.aggpower.com]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Shenzhen Cog LCD Screen 5V Ra8806/Ra8803 20-Pin Display FSTN 320X240 Graphic DOT Matrix LCD Module]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:China Exquisite Small Glass Bird′s Nest Bottle Manufacturers[PVC Pipe Fitting Plastic Water Quick Release Coupling]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Fabrication Aluminium Block for Machining Aluminum Profile Machining Center]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Factory Sold Directly Anti-Bacterial Fire0retardant Medical Curtains]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Hot Fix Rhinestone Patterns Motif Logo Manufacturer Rhinestone Transfer for Jeans]

8. Leonas KK.Sanitary Stainless Steel Welded Manual Butterfly Valve with Gear Type Handle. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Venlo Type Multi-Span Glass Greenhouse Made in Keda]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Shenjiang Fdm 3D Printer PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Printing Filament, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Shop Front Indoor Durable Hanging Banner Advertising Signs]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Shenjiang Fdm 3D Printer PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Printing Filament, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [ Manual and Automatic Water Supply]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.U. S. a Standard Aluminum Oxygen Tank' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Fast wall charger wirh PD 60W and QC 3.0 18W for mobile phone[Four Laser Tubes Cutting Machine with 3 Phases Stepper Motors Qd-1610-4]