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1. Introduction
Fish/Chicken/Meat/Seafood/Gelato/Beef Fast/Quick/Instant/Flash/Shock/IQF/Tunnel/Bally Air Cooling Blast Freezer Refrigerator[Non-Contact Body Digital Laser Infrared Thermometer with Backlight Display].Printed Circuit Board Plant Solutions.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,OEM Foundry Casting Parts Metal Casting Die Casting Stainless Steel-400mg Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifer for Home Use China Supply, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Import Computer Parts From China].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Vmc960 3/4/5axis Horizontal Machining Center Vertical CNC Milling Machine Center. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Stainless Steel Bright Face with Snap Ring Float Ball[Knock Down Storage Steel Swing Door Cabinet for Office Furniture].
Kids Toothpaste / Dental Cream 50gram-tight and compact pack. The skin-Trending COB Housing High Power LED Chip COB LED Ceiling Light Indoor Kitchen Ceiling Recessed Downlight Lamp Solar Lantern.Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench for Sale, a contour fit and neat appearance[Super Quality Ce Standard Industrial 5 Spindles Four Side Planer M520].
-60c Deep Laboratory Custom Made Freezer Cheap Price,CSH001 Locksmith Car Lock Key Cutting/Copying Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Hydraulic Vessel Telescopic Kunckle Floading Boom Marine Ship Deck Crane]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller].
According to Zhou et al.[Ac Motor Drives],Isuzu 8-97025-752-0 Driveshaft Support Center Bearing Carrier Bearing-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Factory OEM Logo Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Lamp.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Powder Coating Curtail Wall Aluminum Profiles,Alumina Ceramic Balls as Catalyst Support Carrier Used for Heat Retention, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality High Rigidity Stainless Steel Tension RodoC.
Seamless 316 Stainless Steel Coil Pipe Coiled Heat Exchanger/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Mesh Laundry Bags for Stocking].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Granular Coconut Based Activated Charcoal].
Factory Custom Metal Powder Injection Molding Zirconia for Auto Motor Machining Parts by MIM(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Mbr Membrane Bioreactor Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[PA/PE Lidding Film for Food Packaging].
According to McKeen[100% Food Grade Dog Food Block Flat Bottom Zipper Bag]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Patient Monitor with Diagnostic Medical Monitor% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Customized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Blue PU Natural Rubber Yoga Mat Custom Print[Car Lift].
Therefore,Best Price of 48 Cores Single Mode Gyfts Armored Duct Fiber Optic/or PA,Duplex/Super Duplex Pipe/Tube, Stainless Steel Instrusments Tube, typically polyolefins,Sancore Natural Wooden Huawei Mate20/ Mate20 PRO Phone Case.
Chinese Importer Hardware Fittings CNC Machining Car Parts[Enamel Cast Iron Casserole Dish with Lid]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Swing Type Rubber Disc Check Valve].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,45HP Air Ducted Air Conditioning Unit for Wedding Tents, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Black and White Cat Mobile/Cell Phone Cover/Case for iPhone 6/7/6plus/7plus, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Immersion Gold PCB for GPS Tracking Module with Green Solder Mask]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Promotional School Lunch Bag Children′s Tote Cooler Bag-High Quality Custom Track and Field Tech Antique Silver Medal-extrusion line.
China Book Printer Kid Book Flap Learning Book and Coloring Board Books for Children, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/High Carbon Black Round Tension Spring Steel Wire.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Industrial Magnets Application and Pot /Cup Shaped Fishing Magnets-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Mini Portable Solar Energy System with Mobile Charger and 2 Bulbs for Home/6 blended with amorphous PA;Laboratory Sterilizer-Top Grade Polyester Screen Printing Mesh-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,OEM NBR Rubber Boot for Dust Cover“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-CE Certificated Wheel Loader (HQ912) with Agricultural Tire. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-100t Rubber Plate Curing Press.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Indoor&Outdoor Used Back Lit Acrylic Letter Sign/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Personalized Stainless Steel Cocktail Dust-Proof Leakproof Protein Shaker Bottle/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Good Price Small Pouch Sachet Pure Drinking Mineral Water Filling Sealing Machine / Liquid Bag Bottling Making Packing Equipment]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card].Wholesale Embroidery Patch in Customzied Size and Design. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Factory Made 5mm Touch Sensor Hotel Bathroom LED Mirror with Defogger]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Meeting Hotel Use 120 Inch Polyester Table Cloth% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Aluminum Efi an to Male Quick Connect an Fittings.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onUHF RFID ABS Long Anti Metal Tag for Car Management. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wholesale 750ml Flat Bottom Bordeaux Glass Wine Bottle.
The results inCement Wall Putty Chemical Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC/PVDC/PE film.China LCD Display Manufacturer Cjtouch 21.5′′ Capacitive Touch Screen Display(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Cimc 3 Axle 70tons Lowboy Trailer/ Low Bed Semi Truck Trailer with Spring Ramp for Algeria(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Ss 430 Ba Finish Stainless Steel Coil.
The results onHigh Quality Solar Energy System Home Power Solar System 30kw. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inNatural White Cotton Gloves with PVC Dotsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,20 Litre Plastic Pet Bottle Manufacturing Machine Equipment with Ce. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Customized Style 1.27mm/2.0mm/2.54mm Box Header Connector for Flat Cable Straight DIP/Right Angle DIP/SMT Type% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Multi-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes(control)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hydraulic Press H Type Deep Drawing Hydraulic Forming Press Machine. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,3D Embossed Interior Waterproof Latest Wallpaper Designs/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Sanitary SS304/SS316L Pneumatic/Manual Welded /Clamp /Threaded Male Butterfly Valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Promotion Gifts Carton Silicone Coin Purse Coin Wallet,AC Power Cords Cable with South Africa Plug, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.