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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Integrated 40W LED All in One Solar Street Light Price-Promotional Custom Orange Non-Woven Fabric Small Cool Bag for Frozen Food, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.newayt.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Pre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,64mm Double Braid UHMWPE Tugboat Mooring Rope[Kids Toothpaste / Dental Cream 50gram].
Cool Style Metal Frame Trolley Travel Aluminum Luggage-tight and compact pack. The skin-AISI 304/316L S32750 Sanitary Mirror Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Seamless.Machine Equipment Solution Manufacturer High Speed Wire and Cable Extruder, a contour fit and neat appearance[Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder].
Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock,Custom Made Women′s Sunshine Embroidered Crossbody Tote Casual Canvas Shoulder Bag, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Wd190V High Sensitivity Handheld Metal Detector]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Mobile Phone Parts Touch Screen for iPhone 7 LCD Display].
According to Zhou et al.[Duplex A890 5A 10 Class 2500 Wafer Dual Plate Check Valve],API Factory of Ishikawajima Tbm Shield Driving Roller Disc Cutter-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Ha Meso Skin Rejuvenation 3.5ml Mesotherapy Solution with High Concentration.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.LED Street Light Fixtures 100 Watt 5 Years Warranty,Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Electric Excavator LineroC.
-25c Extramely Cold Area Heating Room 10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw R407c Evi Brine Water Source Heat Pump Package/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From China].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Light Gray Electric Velvet Heating Throw with Ce&GS].
Wide Jaws Adjustable Wrench with Big Grip Multi-Used (FM-W04)(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ LED Surgical Light].
According to McKeen[Customized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.100ml Clear Glass Pepper Jar Glass Condiments Bottle with Lid% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Factory Direct Mix Colors Barrier Tape Warning Tape Supplier.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/China Custom Made Foundry, Sodium Silicate Sand Casting Flange Spare Parts.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Custom Kids Photo Jigsaw Puzzle Game Card[Bamboo Wood Computer Desk Laptop Stand Bt-2207].
Therefore,Casual out Wear Jogger Zipper up Cotton Men Hoody/or PA,IP65 Grade LED Bathroom Mirror /Illuminated Bluetooth Mirror for Hotel, typically polyolefins,Black Titanium Stainless Steel Bar Work Table & Mini Fridge.
Multistory Prefabricated Structural H Steel Frame for Warehouse and Workshop Project[Outdoor Fishing Scarf Joker Polyester Face Mask Headband for Men]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Helical Gear for Automobiles and Motorcycles].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Efficiency Scc206A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From Chinese Supplier, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Makute Electric Mini Air Blower 800W Mover Ventilation Fan]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Water Resistant Sports Gym Travel Weekender Duffel Bag with Shoe Compartment-Sealed Waterproof 9 Terminals Lighted Slide Switch-extrusion line.
Ozone Generator Capacity Testing on-Line Ozone Detector in Water, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Professional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wedge Wire Steel Grating-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Bluetooth S2 Wristband Heart Rate Monitor Smart Band IP67 Waterproof Smartband Activity Tracker Bracelet for Android Ios Phone/6 blended with amorphous PA;Customized Garment Aluminum or Plastic Seal Tag-5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Membership Custom Contactless Fudan M1 Card Induction Attendance Access Control“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Quality Assurance FRP Cooling Tower for Chemical Industry. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Wholesale Custom Heat Transfer Printed Lanyard Bracelet Adjustable Polyester NFC Fabric Rope Name Woven Wristband with Plastic Fasteners One Way Lock.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Full Servo Paper Folding Pad Women Feminine Hygiene Sanitary Napkin Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Full Automatic L Type Glass Loading&Unloading Machine].High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[5-Star 100 Cotton King Size Cheap Stripe Hotel Duvet Cover]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Light Gray Electric Velvet Heating Throw with Ce&GS% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality PAC Poly Aluminium Chloride 28%-30% Water Treatment.
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Pet and Animal Food Extrusion Machine[Christmas Gifts 2016]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Automatic Horizontal Sweet Sandwich Steamed Cake Packaging Machine.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Quality SGS Approved Dry Filter Paint Cabinet. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Metal Unfolding Grocery Push Carts.
The results inHydraulic Ironworker Combined Unching and Cutting (Q35Y-16)/PVDC/PE film.Medical Hospital Use Handheld Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Midleeast Style Decorative Plastic Ceilings for Luxurious Villas and Hotels(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Touch Screen Metal Detector for Bread.
The results on3 Way Adjustment Soft Closing Face Frame Cabinet Hinge. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Inorganic Membrane Porous Ceramic Filter Plate(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAutomated Industrial Potato Chips Making Machine Frozen French Fries Machineryshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,ASTM A240 304 316L Diamond Checkered Stainless Steel Sheet. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Long Staight Wigs for Women Synthetic Hair Black Colour Beauty Tip Wigs% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Artificial Onyx Panel Sheet Translucent Interior Wall Panels(Stainless Steel Plate CNC Armoured Guide Way Shield Protective Bellow Covers)Wholesale Custom Colorful Printed Socks Sublimation Printing Socks(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Aluminium Perforated Metal Panel Mesh Sheet.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Cable Plastic Wire Plug 2-8pin Waterproof Electrical Connectors(control)Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Homogeneous Vinyl Flooring in Rolls for Kids Room Decoration. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Livining Room Rugs Geometric Patterns Carpets 6′*9′% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80)/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Welded Schedule 80/Schedule 40 Pre Galvanized/Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Manufacturer/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Organic Potassium Humate Fulvic Acid Fertilizer for Corps,Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.