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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Battery Holder Connector Bc 3AA-Slim Waist Big Breast Hot Sale Realistic Doll Sex Beautiful Face Young Girl Sex Doll, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Dust Filter].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,100% Pure Radiation Shielding Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,CREE Chip 24W 28W 30W LED Downlight[PVC Gutter Fittings with Pipe Connector Roofing Drainage System Rainwater Down Pipe].
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Cable Railng Spiral Staircase with PVC Handrail for Interior Space Saving,40K RF Cavitation Electro Stimulation EMS Slimming Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Woodworking Bandsaw Sawmill/ Portable Sliding Table Panel Sawmill/High Precision Sliding Table Panel Saw Sawmill for Furniture Making].
According to Zhou et al.[www.extruderonline.com],Hidrotek Portable Suitcase Design Reverse Osmosis Demo Kits-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Ozone Generator with Digital Timer Sterilizing Fruit Disinfection.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Immersion Gold PCB for GPS Tracking Module with Green Solder Mask,High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Hailar Smart Curtain Switch USA WiFi APP Control SwitchoC.
Hot Selling Widely Use Portable Helium Balloon Inflator 30 Helium Balloons/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[AlNiCo5 Magnetic Cow Pill Magnet for Sale].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[We67K-63t/2500 Delem Da52s Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate].
1PC/2PC/3PC Type Female Thread NPT/Bsp/BSPT Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Ball Valve(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Aluminum Composite Panel for Store and Office Interior Design. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Precision Tungsten Carbide Custom Machining Parts Ss Ball Valve].
According to McKeen[100ml Clear Glass Pepper Jar Glass Condiments Bottle with Lid]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.High precision membrane ultra-filtration ceramic filter MF 0050 T 6030E 0812D made in China% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Hot Sell Premium Quality Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Filter Film Plating Machine/Reflective Film Coating System[Children Sticker Suppliers for Sale].
Therefore,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade/or PA,Iron & Casted Formwork System /Flat Anchor Nut Formwork Material, typically polyolefins,Manufacture All Kinds of 02 04 06 Gutta Percha Points Dental Medical Hospital Equipment.
OEM Aluminum Water Cooling Plate Buried Copper Pipe[POM Sheet Delrin Sheet Acetal Sheet for Machine Gears]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Pneumatic Air Leg Rock Drill].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,China Aluminium Foil Food Container Production Line on Sale, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Low-Cost 1.3MP 4 in 1 CMOS Camera Module]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,ASTM A53/API 5L Carbon Steel Tube Oil and Gas Transport Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer-QC 3.0 EU/UK/Us AC 5V 2A Universal 3 USB Ports Travel USB Wall Charger Switching AC DC Adapter Power Supply-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wd190V High Sensitivity Handheld Metal Detector-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;PLC Control Auto Winder Cost Saving Automatic PP Strap Band Production Line in Vietnam/6 blended with amorphous PA;500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant-Twin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Living Room White Marble Coffee Side Table Small Size Metal Golden Frame Hexagon Shape“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Plant (AAC). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Consistent Winding Machine Mechanical Tensioner.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,UV Protection Lightweight Plastic Roofing Materials Synthetic Resin Roof Tile/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Manual Paper Box Diecutting and Creasing Machine 1300/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Retail or Wholesale Price Tags with String for Garment]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar].High Frequency Zzs Pedestal Vibrating Screen with Cheap Price. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[1080P Android Window 10 Pipo X8 PRO 2GB RAM 32GB Flash with Ce Certificate TV Box Full HD Mini PC Pipo X9 X10 X11 X12]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Construction Equipment Concrete Placing Boom (PB32A4R)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Modular Flat Type Conveyor Belt.
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High Quality Outdoor LED Advertising Screen Price Aluminum Display Stand Stage[m.whoistide.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Manufacture 12V Portable Solar Mini Small Freezer Refrigerator Mini Fridge.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onChinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Small Batch of Aluminum Rapid Prototyping Service in China.
The results inRheology Modifier Bentonite Clay Powder/PVDC/PE film.I Bar Type Steel Grating Panel with H. D. G. Finish(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Plastic Clear T-Shirt Retail Drinks Tea Coffee Coca Beverage Bags(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wrought Iron Eyebrow Transom with Tempered Glass.
The results onHigh Efficient Nylon Label Ribbons Calender Machine. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFRP Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics Pultruded Profileshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Home Decoration Metal Vase Wrought Iron Crafts Wedding Vase. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4360 Degree Home Indoor Security Camera 1.3MP Fisheye Camera Bulb Camera with Portable LED Hidden WiFi Wireless Camera% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Telescopic Camera Jib Crane(Bevel Helical Gearbox with Inline Motor IEC Motor)Solar LED Strobe Warning Light for Cars Emergency Vehicle Warning Light with Magnetic Base(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,OEM Factory with Waterproof PE/CPE Disposable Shoe Cover.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Ocm Chloride Free 3 Hours Fire Resistance MGO Board Magnesium Oxide Board Fireproof Wall Board(control)Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,European Mortise Electronic Locksmith for Hotel Apartment Office (HA6088). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%2019 Hot Sales Cotton Netting Hammock Swing Chair% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Rubber Electric Blanket Piglet Heating Pad Warm Mat for Sow and Piglet/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Mobile Phone Parts Touch Screen for iPhone 7 LCD Display,125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.