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1. Introduction
3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material[Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face].Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate-2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Nonstick Cast Iron Bakeware Cookware Manufacturer From China].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Top Quality G50-1000 Steel Balls for Bearing From China[Halo Lit LED Built up Lettering for Signs].
Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes-tight and compact pack. The skin-LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier.CNC Steel Cutting and Milling Machinery, a contour fit and neat appearance[Industrial Stainless Steel High Temperature Embedding Drying Machine].
High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m,High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[High Quality Solar Energy System Home Power Solar System 30kw].
According to Zhou et al.[Hot Sale Vci Aluminium Packaging Materials],Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Waterproofing/Colored Fiberglass Cloth,Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil SealoC.
Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[PLC Control Auto Winder Cost Saving Automatic PP Strap Band Production Line in Vietnam].
Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Wholesale Aromatherapy Micro Mist Humidifier Scent Electric Fragrance Diffuser Machine].
According to McKeen[Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage[Cnc Milling Programming].
Therefore,Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler/or PA,Wholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile, typically polyolefins,BS712n Band Saw, Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw.
5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera[Industrial Wire]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Manufacture All Kinds of 02 04 06 Gutta Percha Points Dental Medical Hospital Equipment].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Chinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88), and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Big Power Ts218 Dual 18inch Subwoofer PA Speaker Box]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Bathroom/Kitchen New mosaic Design Glazed Interior Ceramic Wall Floor Tile-Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
100% Pure Natural Vegetable Fibre Konjac Body Sponges-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Temperature Teflon PTFE Self Adhesive Tape/6 blended with amorphous PA;Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed-Low Price Recharge Battery Cube Bluetooth Portable ODM Designer High Quality Home HiFi Stereo Speaker By3040-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Quality Full Automatic Chocolate Depositor Qdj. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Frosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,3051 4~20 mA & Hart Diffused Silicone Differential Pressure Sensor/Transducer Transmitter/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Issc 2020 Bm20 WiFi Audio Module Factory Stereo Bluetooth Module].PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Column Formwork Plywood(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Custom ABS PVC Plastic Injection Molding for Auto Parts]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Professional Colorful Sisal Climbing Teaser Catnip Tree Scratching Cat Toy% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap.
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Compression Spring for Large Damping Medical Industry with Black Helix[Carbide Center Drill]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Colorful Water-Proof High Performance PVC Coated Fiberglass Fabric.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDisposable Multi-Band Ligator for Stomach. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Compression Gas Struts Spring Lift Gas Springs. After it is sealed,Manufacture Hydraulic Hose Pipe Cleaning Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Anti-Slip Cotton Baby Cute Boy Tube Socks Animal Printed Ankle Socks with Grip Kids Soft Cartoon Socks) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062).
The results inNordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate/PVDC/PE film.Gasoline Concrete Power Trowel Machine for Construction(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Disposable Multi-Band Ligator for Stomach(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Swbf-36b6s 6 Die 6 Blow Multi-Station Cold Heading Machine, Kbolt Former, Fastener Machine.
The results onBottom Price Hot-Sale Stainless Steel Automatic Hermetic Doors. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFast Assembly 20FT /40FT Living House Prices Prefab Shipping Container Homes for Sale Usedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Hot Selling Solidwood Viola Wholesale Price Viola. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Self Adjustable Turning Rolls Dzg-30(Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062))DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,American Standard Seamless Steel Pipe Line for API 5L Gr B X42 X46 X52 X56 X60 X65 X70 Psl-1/Psl-2.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Esophageal Multi-Band Ligator of Endoscopic Instruments(control)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Raw Peptides Bremelanotide/PT141/PT-141 for female sexual dysfunction. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Disposable Eo Sterile Universal Surgical Drape Packs% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,CNC Milling Tool Holder with Collet Chuck for CNC Machine Accessories/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Fea044A Car Seat Belt Extender with Competitive Offer/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Ningbo Smart Quick Connector Copper Tube Elbow Rx Brass Fittings,AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.