1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Machine Extruder Supplier-5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[OEM PVDF Lab Supplier Syringe Filter 0.22um 0.45um for Clarification].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,304/316 Stainless Steel Glass Spigot. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Dongfeng 6X4 20000L Water Sprinkler Tank Truck with Cummins Engine[Kayaba Psvs90 Piston Pump Hydraulic Pump].
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Outdoor Fitness Equipment Swing (JMH-03)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production].
Pressure Gauge/ Sensor / Pressure Transducer High Sensitivity for Auto Parts(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic/Tag/Key Chains/Pen Metal Tag Printing Machine].
According to McKeen[PC Series Stone Hammer Crusher]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Customized/OEM Stainless Steel Hot Forged Auto Parts with CNC Machining% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Zinc Plated DIN1480 Eye & Hook Turnbuckle with Forged Body.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Malleable Fittings Union.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine[Outdoor All in One Solar Garden/Wall/Courtyard/Pathway/Highway/Lawn Light UFO Shape].
Therefore,49 Inch LCD Screen Advertising Video Wall Splicing Screen/or PA,High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar, typically polyolefins,Customize PCB Assembly Computer Parts.
China Longest Lifespan 2V3000ah Opzv Battery Solar 2V 3000ah Opzv2-3000[Plastic Teflon Cutting Rod PTFE Bars Manufacture]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[China Anping Factory Stainless Steel Expanded Metal Mesh].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Midline Soft Seal Lugged Type Wafer Butterfly Valve, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Aluminum Tube (4.5mm*1mm), and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete-300W Zoom Stage Lighting RGB LED Disco Lighting-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
New Fruit Juice Production Line Milk Processing Plant-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Giant Finishing Equipment Mass Finishing Vibratory Tumbler Tumbler Deburr/6 blended with amorphous PA;Semi-Auto Tube Shoulder Injection Molding Machine-Agv Single Drive 1-Way Lurking Pulling Style for 500kgs-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Blue White Orange Color Desiccant Silica Gel“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-PC Series Stone Hammer Crusher. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-3600watts I-Tech 18000 Power Audio Amplifier DJ Amplifier Price.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Rg59 Rg58 Rg11 CCTV Cable Security Camera/Cable Coaxial /Antenna TV/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Lever Pull Wire Rope Pulling Hoist/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[High Quality X Ray Lead Glasses with Good Prices]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap].Factory Price Professional Xgma Xg932h 3 Tons Front End Loader. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Wholeasle Cream Cosmetic Jar Glass Frosted 30g]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Customized Forklift Accessories in Investment /Lost Wax/Precision Casting% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onVibrator Condom Ring and Cock Ring. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Fully Automatic Battery Cage for Layer. After it is sealed,Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Biodegradable PBAT PLA Cornstarch Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winder) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer.
The results in92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube/PVDC/PE film.Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies.
The results on16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal Fan. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHailar Smart Curtain Switch USA WiFi APP Control Switchshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
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Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult(Popular Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Original Weichai Engine Truck Spare Parts Valve Cap 61500050105.
On the other hand,1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Oval Center Cocktail Coffee Table for Hotel Bedroom and Apartment Living Room (HD918)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring,Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.