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1. Introduction
Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification[Easy to Handle Heat Sealing 50-60 PC/Min Single PE Coated Paper Cup Manufacturing/Making Machine].100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil Seal.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring-Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Fast Car Charger Pd Car Charger].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data[Grid Tie 5kw House Solar Power System].
Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board-tight and compact pack. The skin-Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security.2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage, a contour fit and neat appearance[Modern Hotel Bed Bedroom Bed Double Bed Living Room Furniture].
Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler,Wholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Efficient HDPE LDPE Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Strech Film Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Isuzu 8-97025-752-0 Driveshaft Support Center Bearing Carrier Bearing].
According to Zhou et al.[Shoes],BS712n Band Saw, Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H,Chinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Bathroom/Kitchen New mosaic Design Glazed Interior Ceramic Wall Floor TileoC.
Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[PVC TPU Layflat Fire/Irrigation Hose/Pipe Extrusion Making Equipment].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[45HP Air Ducted Air Conditioning Unit for Wedding Tents].
Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Modular Design Asphalt Batch Mixing Plant for Sale. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic].
According to McKeen[Automatic Line for Facial Mask Pack]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.100% Pure Natural Vegetable Fibre Konjac Body Sponges% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Temperature Teflon PTFE Self Adhesive Tape.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Low Price Recharge Battery Cube Bluetooth Portable ODM Designer High Quality Home HiFi Stereo Speaker By3040[Semi Automatic Pipe Tube Bending Hydraulic Nc Bender Roll Forming Machine with Cheap Price].
Therefore,Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube/or PA,High Quality Full Automatic Chocolate Depositor Qdj, typically polyolefins,Frosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror.
Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog[PVC Latest Heat Shrink Label for Food Package]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Dentist Used Metal Dental Steel Nickel Chrome with Beryllium Alloy].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,3051 4~20 mA & Hart Diffused Silicone Differential Pressure Sensor/Transducer Transmitter, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[High Quality New Hot Womens Seamless Fitness Yoga Tights Pants Leggings Exercise Clothing]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Column Formwork Plywood-Professional Colorful Sisal Climbing Teaser Catnip Tree Scratching Cat Toy-extrusion line.
Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/DIN JIS Injection Mould Components Moulding Parts Steel Guide Strips.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Compression Spring for Large Damping Medical Industry with Black Helix-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Colorful Water-Proof High Performance PVC Coated Fiberglass Fabric/6 blended with amorphous PA;Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light-Compression Gas Struts Spring Lift Gas Springs-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Manufacture Hydraulic Hose Pipe Cleaning Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Gasoline Concrete Power Trowel Machine for Construction/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Disposable Multi-Band Ligator for Stomach/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Super Strong Custom Ferrite Ceramic Magnet for Motor]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Dongfeng 6X4 20000L Water Sprinkler Tank Truck with Cummins Engine].Swbf-36b6s 6 Die 6 Blow Multi-Station Cold Heading Machine, Kbolt Former, Fastener Machine. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Bottom Price Hot-Sale Stainless Steel Automatic Hermetic Doors(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Extruded Foamed Rubber Silicone Foamed Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Strip]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Aluminum Profile Heating Furnace Machine with Hot Log Shear% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hot Selling Solidwood Viola Wholesale Price Viola.
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20 Grams Ozone Generating Apparatus for Packing Paper Reuse Plant[G80 Forged Alloy Steel Swivel Selflocking Hook]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Self Adjustable Turning Rolls Dzg-30.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onStainless Steel Aluminum Square Pipe Round Metal Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
American Standard Seamless Steel Pipe Line for API 5L Gr B X42 X46 X52 X56 X60 X65 X70 Psl-1/Psl-2. After it is sealed,Esophageal Multi-Band Ligator of Endoscopic Instruments. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Full Spectrum SMD LED Strip Grow Lights for Plants Growing Aquarium Greenhouse) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Raw Peptides Bremelanotide/PT141/PT-141 for female sexual dysfunction.
The results inDisposable Eo Sterile Universal Surgical Drape Packs/PVDC/PE film.CNC Milling Tool Holder with Collet Chuck for CNC Machine Accessories(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fea044A Car Seat Belt Extender with Competitive Offer(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,MSDS Crackmax Expansive Mortar/Cracking Agent for Granite Quarrying.
The results onNingbo Smart Quick Connector Copper Tube Elbow Rx Brass Fittings. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAutomatic Horizontal Sweet Sandwich Steamed Cake Packaging Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,24 Cores Sc Pigtail PLC Splitter Fiber Optic Termination Box/Otb/Splice Box. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Spp-C Bluetooth to Serial Adapter (Slave Module, Replace HC-05/HC-06)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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750ml Clear Glass Wine Bottle( Sterile Plastic Disposable Dish for Lab Test)Professional PCBA Assembly LED PCB 94V0 Circuit Board(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Customized High Quality Die Cast Gears.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hydraulic Die Punch Cutter Machine (HG-B60T)(control)DC Mini Water Pump Solar Submersible Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Horse Floor and Cow Rubber Flooring Mat. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%6′′ (150mm) Double Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney 45degree Elbow% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Quality New Hot Womens Seamless Fitness Yoga Tights Pants Leggings Exercise Clothing/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Custom Made High Precision CNC Plastic Machining Products/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Prohormone Halodrol Powder Material for Bodybuilding,Battery Holder Connector Bc 3AA, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.