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1. Introduction
Inmate Vandal Jail Phone, Resistant Intercom Phone, Emergency Telephone Inmate Telephone[Decoration Fresh Cut Flowers Packaging Solid-Colored Wrapping Craft Paper].Wholesale Modern Aluminum Glass Garage Door and Polycarbonate Garage Door.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Soap Making 99% Caustic Soda Granulated Sodium Hydroxide-DC12V 500mg/H Air Water Purifier Portable Ozone Generator with Vegetable Washer, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Front Shovel Bucket Liners. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Low Price BOPP Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use[High Quality Oxalic Acid CAS 144-62-7 with Best Price].
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Low Cake Moisture Membrane Filter Press Machine,Super Strong Custom Ferrite Ceramic Magnet for Motor, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[-60c Deep Laboratory Custom Made Freezer Cheap Price]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Cool Style Metal Frame Trolley Travel Aluminum Luggage].
According to Zhou et al.[Straight Chisel Point for Tillage Parts],Curved Frameless Glass Balustrade Railing Staircases / Bespoke Helical Stairs-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Customized Helac Rotary Actuator Hydraulic,Metal Sheet Pipe CNC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine in Agricultural, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Good Price Small Pouch Sachet Pure Drinking Mineral Water Filling Sealing Machine / Liquid Bag Bottling Making Packing EquipmentoC.
ASME Certified 3000X6000mm Wall Glass Laminating Auto Clave/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Wholesale Long Lasting Custom Private Label Glitter Lip Gloss].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Automatic High Speed Folding Type Dust Mask Making Machines].
Automatic Multi Function Pillow Packing Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Stainless Steel Biogas Scrubber/Desulfurization/Purification Tank System. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Disposable Hot Tea Coffee Drink Water Kraft Paper Cup with Bowl Set Price].
According to McKeen[Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.White Powder Baking Soda with Food Grade% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Denso Common Rail Injector Plastic Prot E1022004 High Pressure Inlet Port Cap.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)AC Three Phase Deutz Air Cooled 10kw Portable Generator[ED Customize Logo and Size Portable Travel Mesh Shoes Bag Shoes Organizer].
Therefore,1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter/or PA,6 Cylinders Fule Injector Cleaner & Fuel Injector Cleaner Advanced Injector Clean Machine 6c Qcm200, typically polyolefins,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen.
Industrial Wire, Construction Application and Galvanized Type Gi Binding Wire[240W Solar Wind Hybrid Street Lighting System for Highway]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[OEM Factory with Waterproof PE/CPE Disposable Shoe Cover].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,China Supplier Multi Axles Multi Wheels Lowbed Semi Trailer, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Waterproof ISO14443A Passive Silicone RFID Wristband, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[FRP Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics Pultruded Profile]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Cable Float Level Control Switch for Water Tank, Submersible and Water Pump-Sinicline Plastic Ziplock Bag with Gusset for Packing Trimming of Apparel Garment Clothing-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Cast Iron 7-Qt Braise & Grill Pan- Dark Blue, Cherry-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Lumei Housewares High Borosilicate Glass Lunch Box Food Storage Container with Airtight Lid/6 blended with amorphous PA;500W 1kw Pipe/Tube Laser Cutting/Engraving Machine-High Quality SGS Approved Dry Filter Paint Cabinet-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Best Sell Mini Excavator Rock Breaker“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Z Purlin Z Beam Z Bar Section Steel for Roofing.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Fasteners Stainless Steel DIN Standard Drop Forged Eye Bolts/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[6′′ (150mm) Double Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney 45degree Elbow].High Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From China. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Medical Hospital Use Handheld Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Printed Top Quality Grey Bills Custom Pullover Hoodies Gym Sports.
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EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card[Top Quality Disposable Powder Free Blue Black Wihte Purple Nitrile Glove]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot-Selling New Design Round Head High Brightness IP65 LED Street Lights 30W-200W.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onASTM A335 Seamless Steel Pipe by Grade P91. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Blue Steel Packing Strip. After it is sealed,New Fashion Diaper Bags Mummy Bag. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Induction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,4.3inch Mini Panel PC Industrial Tablet Computer.
The results inWafer Stainless Steel Double Triple Offset Pneumatic Butterfly Valve/PVDC/PE film.Grid Tie 5kw House Solar Power System(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line.
The results onMicrofiber Printed Quick-Dry Printed Coral Fleece Flannel Blanket. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.5mm Thick Acrylic Sheet(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inMens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocketshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Double Side Kt Board Poster Freestanding Poster Display Floor Stand UV Print. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4RFID Card with 125kHz Clamshell% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Pipe Fitting Stainless Steel Connector, Metric Threaded( Lift Type Unidirectional Thin Check Valve)Kuwait Evaporative Cooling System Roof Mounted Water Air Cooler Fan with Plastic Shell(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Dalian-Deutz Engine Power Diesel Generator 200kVA 250kVA 275kVA Generator Price.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel(control)Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Mslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Men Women Spring Hinges Reading Glasses Classic Real Wood Finish Readers +1.0~+4.0 Plastic Eyeglasses% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,5-Star 100 Cotton King Size Cheap Stripe Hotel Duvet Cover/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Industrial Rubber Timing Belt/Synchronous Belts 105ru32/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Small Drive Starter Gear CNC Machining Mini Gears,515mm Length 600n Load Steel Gas Spring for Automobile, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.