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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sale High Speed Mini Four Lane Dry Biscuit Machine Machine with Cookies Packing Machine-Graphene/Healfibre Heath Care Wadding for Quilt /Mattress, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Durable Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Real Factory Welded Wire Mesh with Low Price. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Monochrome Digit Segment LCD Display[PPGI /PPGL /Gi/ Gl Corrugated Steel Metal Fence Panels].
Toyota RAV4 2019 OEM Car Entertainment System with GPS Navigation-tight and compact pack. The skin-Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick Factory.High Quality Aluminum Wine Label Sticker, a contour fit and neat appearance[52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda].
Halo Lit LED Built up Lettering for Signs,DC to AC Pure Sine Wave Car Power Inverter, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Low Voltage LAN Copper Computer Network UTP 305m/Roll Ethernet CAT6 Cables]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal].
According to Zhou et al.[Good Tactile Metal Keys Push Button Electronic Keyboard for Entry Systems],POM Sheet Delrin Sheet Acetal Sheet for Machine Gears-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Super Quality Ce Standard Industrial 5 Spindles Four Side Planer M520.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Jinma Tractor Ty395 Diesel Engine Parts Rebuilt Kit,Fish/Chicken/Meat/Seafood/Gelato/Beef Fast/Quick/Instant/Flash/Shock/IQF/Tunnel/Bally Air Cooling Blast Freezer Refrigerator, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Printed Circuit Board Plant SolutionsoC.
OEM Foundry Casting Parts Metal Casting Die Casting Stainless Steel/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[14G Auto Collar Knitting Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[ FPC Certificates En10249/ Gbt29654-2013 / ASTM 328 /As3678 / JIS A5528 for Cannal Improvement Project].
400mg Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifer for Home Use China Supply(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Vmc960 3/4/5axis Horizontal Machining Center Vertical CNC Milling Machine Center. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Check Valve Ov50 Manufacturer in China].
According to McKeen[Automatic Flip Flops PVC EVA PE Rubber Soles Strap Attaching Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Stainless Steel Bright Face with Snap Ring Float Ball% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Kids Toothpaste / Dental Cream 50gram.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Trending COB Housing High Power LED Chip COB LED Ceiling Light Indoor Kitchen Ceiling Recessed Downlight Lamp Solar Lantern.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Sw-Cj-2fd Double-Single Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench for Sale[Metal Can Manufacturers].
Therefore,-60c Deep Laboratory Custom Made Freezer Cheap Price/or PA,CSH001 Locksmith Car Lock Key Cutting/Copying Machine, typically polyolefins,Isuzu 8-97025-752-0 Driveshaft Support Center Bearing Carrier Bearing.
Factory OEM Logo Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Lamp[Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Industrial Rubber Timing Belt/Synchronous Belts 105ru32].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Powder Coating Curtail Wall Aluminum Profiles, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Alumina Ceramic Balls as Catalyst Support Carrier Used for Heat Retention, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Traffic Safety Aluminum Plastic Road Stud Reflectors/Plastic Road Reflectors]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality High Rigidity Stainless Steel Tension Rod-Seamless 316 Stainless Steel Coil Pipe Coiled Heat Exchanger-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Patient Monitor with Diagnostic Medical Monitor-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal/6 blended with amorphous PA;Customized Torx Pan Head Oxided Self Tapping Screw-Blue PU Natural Rubber Yoga Mat Custom Print-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Best Price of 48 Cores Single Mode Gyfts Armored Duct Fiber Optic“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Duplex/Super Duplex Pipe/Tube, Stainless Steel Instrusments Tube. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Sancore Natural Wooden Huawei Mate20/ Mate20 PRO Phone Case.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Chinese Importer Hardware Fittings CNC Machining Car Parts/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,45HP Air Ducted Air Conditioning Unit for Wedding Tents/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[2000L Storage Fermentation Mixing Stainless Steel Tank]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock].Black and White Cat Mobile/Cell Phone Cover/Case for iPhone 6/7/6plus/7plus. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Polyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Quality Custom Track and Field Tech Antique Silver Medal% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.China Book Printer Kid Book Flap Learning Book and Coloring Board Books for Children.
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Industrial Magnets Application and Pot /Cup Shaped Fishing Magnets[Fiber Optic Connector Types LC APC Sx 3.0mm LC Connector]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Mini Portable Solar Energy System with Mobile Charger and 2 Bulbs for Home.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onTwin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Laboratory Sterilizer.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Top Grade Polyester Screen Printing Mesh. After it is sealed,OEM NBR Rubber Boot for Dust Cover. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Logo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Box) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Laboratory Sterilizer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,CE Certificated Wheel Loader (HQ912) with Agricultural Tire.
The results in100t Rubber Plate Curing Press/PVDC/PE film.Indoor&Outdoor Used Back Lit Acrylic Letter Sign(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Personalized Stainless Steel Cocktail Dust-Proof Leakproof Protein Shaker Bottle(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Laboratory Sterilizer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Wholesale Embroidery Patch in Customzied Size and Design.
The results onChancsmac Hfvd-10-CH High Frequency Vacuum Timber Dryer. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Laboratory Sterilizer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAPI Factory of Ishikawajima Tbm Shield Driving Roller Disc Cuttershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Aluminum Efi an to Male Quick Connect an Fittings. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 41/2/3/4 Core Singlemode Fibers Drop FTTH Fiber Optic Cable (GJYXCH)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Laboratory Sterilizer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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71751-41-2 Agrochemical Abamectin 1.8% Ec 95%Tc(Blt Running Style Casual Shoe for Men)Heat Proof Silicone Rubber Mat Pot Table Mat Cup Coaster(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Decorative High Gloss UV MDF Panel for Furniture.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)New Purple PU Leather Automated Anti RFID Bank Credit Card Holder(control)Laboratory Sterilizer. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wholesale 750ml Flat Bottom Bordeaux Glass Wine Bottle. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Cement Wall Putty Chemical Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,China LCD Display Manufacturer Cjtouch 21.5′′ Capacitive Touch Screen Display/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Cimc 3 Axle 70tons Lowboy Trailer/ Low Bed Semi Truck Trailer with Spring Ramp for Algeria/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Quality Solar Energy System Home Power Solar System 30kw,Gfas793-Xtreme Power Assorted Artillery Shells 1.4G Un0336 Happiness Banger Fireworks, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.