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1. Introduction
Anchoring System Single Side Wall Construction Formwork[Waterproof ISO14443A Passive Silicone RFID Wristband].High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Low Cake Moisture Membrane Filter Press Machine-Super Strong Custom Ferrite Ceramic Magnet for Motor, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Upholstered Dining Chair for Lobby Office Bedroom Lounge with Artificial Leather].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Curved Frameless Glass Balustrade Railing Staircases / Bespoke Helical Stairs. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants[Ce&FDA 10 Miu/Ml HCG Midstream Pregnancy Test].
Customized Helac Rotary Actuator Hydraulic-tight and compact pack. The skin-Metal Sheet Pipe CNC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine in Agricultural.Good Price Small Pouch Sachet Pure Drinking Mineral Water Filling Sealing Machine / Liquid Bag Bottling Making Packing Equipment, a contour fit and neat appearance[Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric].
ASME Certified 3000X6000mm Wall Glass Laminating Auto Clave,Automatic Multi Function Pillow Packing Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Aluminum Copper Bimetal Parallel Groove Clamp]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Industrial Aluminum Extrusion Manufacturer Ob6060b Aluminium Profile CNC].
According to Zhou et al.[Anti-slip Puzzle Foam Custom Mat],Stainless Steel Biogas Scrubber/Desulfurization/Purification Tank System-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)White Powder Baking Soda with Food Grade.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Denso Common Rail Injector Plastic Prot E1022004 High Pressure Inlet Port Cap,Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.AC Three Phase Deutz Air Cooled 10kw Portable GeneratoroC.
1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Atf-805 Auto Transmission System Flushing Equipment with SGS/CE].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[1 Inch 2X2 Galvanized & PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh].
6 Cylinders Fule Injector Cleaner & Fuel Injector Cleaner Advanced Injector Clean Machine 6c Qcm200(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Brown /Black /Red Film Faced Plywood Shuttering Poplar Core Waterproof].
According to McKeen[Mbr Membrane Bioreactor Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Industrial Wire, Construction Application and Galvanized Type Gi Binding Wire% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,China Supplier Multi Axles Multi Wheels Lowbed Semi Trailer.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Waterproof ISO14443A Passive Silicone RFID Wristband.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Cable Float Level Control Switch for Water Tank, Submersible and Water Pump[High Speed Automatic Kitchen Towel Roll Paper Log Saw Cutting Machine Price].
Therefore,Sinicline Plastic Ziplock Bag with Gusset for Packing Trimming of Apparel Garment Clothing/or PA,Kool-Flow Breathable Cooling Hypoallergenic Memory Pillow, typically polyolefins,China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle.
Cast Iron 7-Qt Braise & Grill Pan- Dark Blue, Cherry[Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Top Qualify 125kHz ISO18000-2 Tk4100 RFID Disposable Paper Wristband].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Lumei Housewares High Borosilicate Glass Lunch Box Food Storage Container with Airtight Lid, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.500W 1kw Pipe/Tube Laser Cutting/Engraving Machine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[PCB Manufacturers Flex LED PCB Board]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality SGS Approved Dry Filter Paint Cabinet-Best Sell Mini Excavator Rock Breaker-extrusion line.
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Z Purlin Z Beam Z Bar Section Steel for Roofing.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Fasteners Stainless Steel DIN Standard Drop Forged Eye Bolts-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Full Spectrum SMD LED Strip Grow Lights for Plants Growing Aquarium Greenhouse/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From China-Stainless Steel Helical Compression Spring for Ventilation Pump Spring (0.8*10.1*58.8)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Printed Top Quality Grey Bills Custom Pullover Hoodies Gym Sports. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Custom Ferrite Arc Magnet for Ceiling Fan BLDC Motor.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Hot-Selling New Design Round Head High Brightness IP65 LED Street Lights 30W-200W/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Non-Contact Body Digital Laser Infrared Thermometer with Backlight Display]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Super Quality Ce Standard Industrial 5 Spindles Four Side Planer M520].Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Blue Steel Packing Strip(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Fashion Diaper Bags Mummy Bag% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.4.3inch Mini Panel PC Industrial Tablet Computer.
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Grid Tie 5kw House Solar Power System[Clinical Mesogun Injector Beauty Machine for Facial Skin Therapy]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on100% Food Grade Dog Food Block Flat Bottom Zipper Bag. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Microfiber Printed Quick-Dry Printed Coral Fleece Flannel Blanket. After it is sealed,5mm Thick Acrylic Sheet. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Immersion Gold PCB for GPS Tracking Module with Green Solder Mask) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Double Side Kt Board Poster Freestanding Poster Display Floor Stand UV Print.
The results inRFID Card with 125kHz Clamshell/PVDC/PE film.Automatic Dieless Leather Cutting Machine(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Pipe Fitting Stainless Steel Connector, Metric Threaded(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Kuwait Evaporative Cooling System Roof Mounted Water Air Cooler Fan with Plastic Shell.
The results onDalian-Deutz Engine Power Diesel Generator 200kVA 250kVA 275kVA Generator Price. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inEC0001 proximity clamshell thick cardshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Mslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Men Women Spring Hinges Reading Glasses Classic Real Wood Finish Readers +1.0~+4.0 Plastic Eyeglasses% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Industrial Rubber Timing Belt/Synchronous Belts 105ru32(Factory Made 5mm Touch Sensor Hotel Bathroom LED Mirror with Defogger)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Small Drive Starter Gear CNC Machining Mini Gears.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)515mm Length 600n Load Steel Gas Spring for Automobile(control)Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Logo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Box. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Yellow Resistance Epoxy Resin for LED Channel Letter% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Stainless Steel Truss with Washer Collar Head Self Tapping Screw/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%FRP Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics Pultruded Profile,Forging Metal Building Parts, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.