Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box, treatment,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing“end of pipe approach.”[Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Customer Design Fashion Unique Souvenir Medal]

Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB(WHO)Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool, in June 2007,Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde-care waste were developed.YCOM HDMI Cable to USB Charger Cable for Lightning iPhone,BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118-Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw.High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line-Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle.PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine, support,Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids-Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark. These include novel and ingenious methods/Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women-care waste.Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine.[Auto Radiator for Speedmaster Aluminum Alloy Motorcycle Radiator]

Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Movable Axial Flow Blower.[China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200). It has 170 member countries,Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale, management,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine, and clinics.[Grey Nylon Polyester PU Palm Coated Work Gloves]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price, segregation,Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38)]

Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use.97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Telescope Bicycle Pump Mini Pump with Schrader Presta Head (HPM-064)]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack, review of publications, newspaper articles,Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM,Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade.[ISO Factory of Ishikawajima Branch Carbide Tbm Shield Driving Cutter]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Twins Stylish Zippered Wine Bag Best Carrier for Wine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Dental Hospital China Wholesale Soft Dentist/Doctor Stool (TJHS-1-Plus)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[TXGF-5015 5V -24V DC Brushless Cooling Electric Axical Blower Fan Motor Hydraulic Bearing]

Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m. In 2009,Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Blind Flange] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic] Now Ministry of Environment,Small Injection Molding Machine Price[Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLow Prices Industrial High Pressure Piston Portable Mini Electric Air Compressor Air-Compressors 5500W 500L Air Compressor PortableandOutdoor HD Optic Lens 5X Night Vision Monocular Telescope].[Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet,Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[SS316L Wire Mesh Stainless Steel Double Layers Filter]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Motor Hydraulic Dual Scoop Grab with Cable Reel]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Disposable Underwear Beauty Salon Special Bath Sweat Sauna Travel Paper Underwear Men and Women Non-Woven Briefs (jt-016)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire

   5. 133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier

   7. China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Polyester Roofing Felt]Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. Furthermore,Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light(no permission to be obtained)[Pn10/Pn16 Cast Ductile Iron Automatic Single/Double Ball Air Release Valve]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose,4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass] However,40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant(PIC) and dioxins.Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B). Dioxins are an unintentional by-100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Precision Customized Sheet Metal Fabrication Aluminum Alloy] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup.[13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hotel Bedsheet Dry Ironing Equipment/Ironer Equipment /Laundry Roller Equipment,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits.[Medical Equipments Multi-Parameter Patient Monitor (AM-M15B)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Zinc Oxide 99.7%] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel).Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Green Professional Making Extrusion Blowing PE Bottle Mould Factory]

Conclusions

Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating,SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar.New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden.

References