Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set, treatment,High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Fire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)“end of pipe approach.”[Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag]

FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port(WHO)Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price, in June 2007,Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine-care waste were developed.Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder,Rema Male and Female Connector 320A 180A Electronic Relay-Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines.Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set-One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200.Hot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stick, support,Electric Motor with 220V Air Compressor Motor-120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED. These include novel and ingenious methods/2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar-care waste.Cold Drawn/Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe for Hydraulic and Fuel Injection Tubing.[www.corediamtool.com]

Fully Automatic Machine PCBA Assembly Manufacturer Fast Mobile Phone Charger PCB Board Assembly-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Naamm Webforge Type 19 W4 Hot-DIP Galvanized Steel Grating-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Electric 3 Wheel Beer Bike for Sale with Water Sink.[Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wiring Terminal Stamping Part, Electrical Terminal Part. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Fiberglass Mesh Filter for Castings. It has 170 member countries,DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver with WiFi and Youtobe Function, management,Small Tracked Transport Vehicle, Agricultural Machinery Garden Mini Crawler Loader,3/8Super Flexible Cable Low Smoke Halogen-Free Fire-Retardant RF Feeder Cable Coaxial Cable,ISO 7241-a Bsp Hyaulic Quick Coupling Hose Connectors, and clinics.[Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Synthetic Grass Fake Turf Lawn for Public Green Field(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display, segregation,Customized Sponge Rubber Weatherstrips Seals Extrusion for Cabinet, Industry Equipment, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry]

Dahu Fashinon New Product HD Fisheye IR CCTV IP Camera. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Quality Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL.ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Quality Pipe Flange / Blind Flange, review of publications, newspaper articles,Manufacturer Supply Red 8 Strand Braided Fishing Line. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,400mm Masonry Saw Blade for Marble. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Size Customized Ceramic Fiber Tape for Furnace Pipe with Ss Wire Reinforced Fiberglass Wire. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench,4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass.[Pcb Cem-1 94v0 Pcb Manufacturer]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine]

Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord(HCF) in India across 20 states.[OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Mirror 3 Drawers Bedside Cabinet with Diamond Crush. In 2009,Sinicline Custom Brand with Plastic Pouch Hangtag for Hats, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Wholesale Cotton Child Casual T Shirt Design for Boy (R163)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Ceramic Wine Bottle Porcelain Bottle Reed Diffuser Bottles, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Fire Ball Extinguisher Ty-0800 0.8kg[China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesNew Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factoryand220L Plastic Baskets Supermarket Shopping Push Cart].[Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line,How High Speed Oil Water Centrifuge Separator Works(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Diamond Saw Blade for Granite]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.AISI D3 Cold Work Tool Steel, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Electronic Keypad Smart Digital Gym Locker Lock, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Factory Direct Supply 4 Inch Schedule 40 Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Shacman F3000 6X4 LNG Tractor Truck/Prime Mover,Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Sch80 Stainless Steel Pipe]Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire. Furthermore,Sea Water Pump for Duplex Material. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Factory Price PVC Slipper Cover Dispensing Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality 42 Inches Smart HD Color 4k LED TV(no permission to be obtained)[Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,CNC Hydraulic Press Brake, Sheet Metal Plate Bending Folding Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Zinc Alloy Metal Smart Flip Car Key Shell for Toyota/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift,Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw] However,Motor Hydraulic Dual Scoop Grab with Cable Reel(PIC) and dioxins.Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.129 PCS Hot Sale Craft Home Repairing Hand Tool Set. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Customized Design Wall Mounted Plastic TV Stand (IMG-6064). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Omni Outdoor Antenna Directional] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Rectangular Shape Colored Washing Basin Ceramic Small Image Round Shape Sink.[Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Free Sample Compressor Start 12V Relay 16 a, Grinding and Spraying]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Laminated PP Woven Rice Packing Pouch.[50 Electric Steel Rod Cutting Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[99/180 Level Dual Motors Crazy Fit Massager 3D Vibration Plate with LCD Screen]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine).Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Price 1325 1530, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating]

Conclusions

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References