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1. Introduction
Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment[ Turn Key OEM and ODM for SMD SMT DIP Through-Hole].Four Wheel Drive Self Loading Mini Dumper SD30s.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Semi and Full Automatic Cutting Machine for Metal Pipe-5-400W Electric DC Motor for Electric Vehicle/Massage Chair, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cattle Corpse Cremation Burning Stove].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Best Selling Em4200 125kHz Blank PVC RFID Clamshell Thick Key Card. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Fry Pan Die-Die for Metal-Hydraulic Press Mould[Eco-Friendly 100% Cottom Bath Towel Face Towel Hotel].
Die Board Laser Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Tube-tight and compact pack. The skin-Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications.Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with LED Light ED-606, a contour fit and neat appearance[Metal Gold Brass Vislon Plastic Jeans Invisible Waterproof Clothing Zipper and Garment Accessories (3# BZ80132)].
Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties,Hammock Chair Hanging Knitted Mesh Cotton Rope Macrame Swing, 260 Pounds Capacity, 23.6 Seat Width, for Bedroom, Outdoors, Garden, Patio, Yard., toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Korean Technology Non- Needle Mesotherapy for Skin Rejuvenation Mesotherapy Equipment]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Best Quality Cylinder Aroma Glass Diffuser Bottle with Reed Rattan Sticks and Wooden Screw Cap for Wholesale].
According to Zhou et al.[Brake Drum],Modern Hotel Bed Bedroom Bed Double Bed Living Room Furniture-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Stone Carving Gazebo with Bronze Cap for Garden Decoration.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Torque Low Rpm 24V DC Planetary Gear Motor,New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fireproofing Durability 100% Virgin Polypropylene PP Twist Fiber for Airport Runway ReinforcedoC.
Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Personalized Stainless Steel Cocktail Dust-Proof Leakproof Protein Shaker Bottle].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board].
China Aluminum Pure Coil 1050 0.3-0.5mm Thickness for Construction(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)100% Pure Teflon Rod with Best Chemical Corrosion Resistance (HY-P330R). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cup Type Uterine Manipulator for Hysterectomy Surgery].
According to McKeen[400mg Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifer for Home Use China Supply]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,1*4-1/8 HDG G43 Long Link Chain Dock Fender Chains.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)ASTM B399 Standard AAAC Conductor All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC Cable[Artichoke Leaf Extract].
Therefore,Integrated 40W LED All in One Solar Street Light Price/or PA,Promotional Custom Orange Non-Woven Fabric Small Cool Bag for Frozen Food, typically polyolefins,Pre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair.
64mm Double Braid UHMWPE Tugboat Mooring Rope[(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Machine Extruder Supplier]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Intelligent Digital Power Meter].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Cool Style Metal Frame Trolley Travel Aluminum Luggage, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.AISI 304/316L S32750 Sanitary Mirror Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Seamless, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Precision Metal Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting Engine Parts]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Machine Equipment Solution Manufacturer High Speed Wire and Cable Extruder-Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ha Meso Skin Rejuvenation 3.5ml Mesotherapy Solution with High Concentration-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;LED Street Light Fixtures 100 Watt 5 Years Warranty/6 blended with amorphous PA;Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine-Electric Excavator Liner-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,-25c Extramely Cold Area Heating Room 10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw R407c Evi Brine Water Source Heat Pump Package“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wide Jaws Adjustable Wrench with Big Grip Multi-Used (FM-W04). The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,100ml Clear Glass Pepper Jar Glass Condiments Bottle with Lid/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Factory Direct Mix Colors Barrier Tape Warning Tape Supplier/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Chameleon Pearl Pigment Powder for Car Painting]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Chinese Manufacturer Custom Letter Chenille Patches Embroidery Sew on Garment].China Custom Made Foundry, Sodium Silicate Sand Casting Flange Spare Parts. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stage Effect LED Spider Moving Head Beam for Stage]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Casual out Wear Jogger Zipper up Cotton Men Hoody% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.IP65 Grade LED Bathroom Mirror /Illuminated Bluetooth Mirror for Hotel.
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Multistory Prefabricated Structural H Steel Frame for Warehouse and Workshop Project[m.agapassworld.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Efficiency Scc206A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From Chinese Supplier.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCustom Ferrite Arc Magnet for Ceiling Fan BLDC Motor. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Water Resistant Sports Gym Travel Weekender Duffel Bag with Shoe Compartment. After it is sealed,Sealed Waterproof 9 Terminals Lighted Slide Switch. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Multi-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Ozone Generator Capacity Testing on-Line Ozone Detector in Water.
The results inProfessional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V/PVDC/PE film.Wedge Wire Steel Grating(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Bluetooth S2 Wristband Heart Rate Monitor Smart Band IP67 Waterproof Smartband Activity Tracker Bracelet for Android Ios Phone(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Customized Garment Aluminum or Plastic Seal Tag.
The results on5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frameshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Quality Assurance FRP Cooling Tower for Chemical Industry. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Wholesale Custom Heat Transfer Printed Lanyard Bracelet Adjustable Polyester NFC Fabric Rope Name Woven Wristband with Plastic Fasteners One Way Lock% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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China Low Price Vacuum Suction Truck of Special Truck 12m3(Sun-420PP Automatic Pouch Coconut Milk Packaging Machine)High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,En701 Hot Sales Kitchen Appliances Electric Knife Sharpener.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Light Gray Electric Velvet Heating Throw with Ce&GS(control)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality PAC Poly Aluminium Chloride 28%-30% Water Treatment. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Disco DJ Lighting RGBW LED Bee Eyes Beam Moving Head Light for KTV Bars% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Pet and Animal Food Extrusion Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Automatic Horizontal Sweet Sandwich Steamed Cake Packaging Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Fast Delivery Stainless Steel 1 PC Ball Valve Female Thread,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.